한국속담의 일반의미론적 연구 : 사고유형을 중심으로 = (A) study of Korean proverbs by general semantics : Especially concentrated on orientation patterns

국문 초록 (Abstract)

本稿는 韓國人의 言語意識이 잘 反映된 俗談을 硏究對象으로 잡았고 俗談資料는 李基文의 俗談辭典^1)과 韓國의 俗談^2)을 참고하였다. 또한 韓國人의 思考類型에 나타난 俗談과 아울러 事實世界에 대한 評價를 分析하여 바르지 못한 言語習慣을 찾아내어 이를 시정하며 새로운 言語習慣을 가지도록 하는데 기여하고자 한다. 이렇게 수집된 자료를 바탕으로 一般意味論의 學說에 입각하여 韓國人의 思考類型, 言語表現 類型을 밝혔다.
俗談表現을 中心으로 韓國人의 思考類型의 分析에서 다음과 같은 結論을 얻었다.
1. Aristoteles의 形式論理學(formal logic)의 결점인 總稱思考(Allness Orientation)에 의한 俗談이 약 100개정도 나타났는데 이러한 俗談內容이 韓國人의 意識에 反映되고 있다. 이는 言語만의 內包的 思考에 치달아 外延的인 事實에 對應·結付·關係시키지 않는 思考이다.
2. 事實世界의 一部 面을 觀察하고 全體를 評價하는 一般化 思考(Generalization Orientation) 에 의한 俗談이 약 30개로 이는 安易하고 粗雜하고 狀況을 單純化시키는 判斷이다.
3. 言語와 事實을 同一視하는 “…은 …이다.”, “…은 …하다.” 類型의 斷定的 (Judgements) 思考에 의한 俗談表現이 약 73개 정도이다. 이는 傳統的인 Aristoteles의 形式論理學的 思考方式으로 韓國人의 思考를 同一視 思考 (Identification Orientation)로 이끌게 된다.
4. 事實世界의 價値評價에 있어서 한 側面, 또는 두 側面으로 思考 判斷하는 一値的 思考 (One-Valued Orientation)와 二値的 思考 (The two-Valued Orientation)에 관계하는 俗談이 一値的 思考가 약 80개 二値的 思考는 약 20개 정도로 이 두 思考方式은 韓國人의 習慣的 思考方法이라 볼 수 있으며 복잡한 生活이나 事實世界의 價値評價에 있어서 건전하고 적절한 思考型이 아니다.
5. 一般意味論의 重要槪念인 言語의 自己反映(Self-reflexiveness)에 관한 俗談이 약 20개 정도로 再生原理(The principle of Self-reflexiveness)에 관한 意識이 무의식 중에 많이 들어 있다. 또한 Meta-Communicantion에 대한 자각심을 나타내고 있다.
6. 韓國人의 俗談使用에도 一般意味論에서 主張하는 非總稱 思考(Non-Allness Orientation) 가 약 40개로 非總稱思考와 통하는 言語表現이 많이 나타난다.
7. 一般意味論에서 敎訓的, 實證的, 開放的 思考方式이라 하는 多値的 思考 (Multi-Valued Orientation) 약 10개로 韓國人의 俗談使用에서는 그 用例는 찾아보기가 어렵다.
8. 一般意味論의 大原理인 外在的 思考 (Extensional Orientation)를 필요로 하는 俗談은 약 10개로 韓國人의 俗談使用 意識에 크게 反映되어 있지 않다.
以上과 같은 俗談을 分析한 결과 一般意味論 理論과 敎訓에 一致하는 점이 많음을 발견할 수 있었다. 이런 점에서 韓國俗談에 나타난 思考意識은 一般意味論的인 思考와 敎訓에 부합된다고 본다.
韓國 俗談의 敎訓은 一般意味論의 思考에 밑거름이 되며 韓國人의 意識改造·言語使用·言語習慣(그릇된 言語習慣)을 올바로 잡는데 기여한다고 본다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Korean proverbs are the object of this study as they are considered well reflecting the linguistic sense of the people. Mr. Lee Ki Moon's "Dictionary of Korean Proverbs" and "Korean Proverbs" have been referred the most for this study. In this study, it has been endeavored to review and analyze the orientation patterns of Korean people as expressed in their proverbs as well as their way of viewing the reality world in an aim of finding errorneous linguistic behaviors of the people and also suggesting appropriate measures of correcting them. The materials collected for the study have been intensively examined in view of general semantics for the purpose of confirming the basic patterns of orientation of the people as well as thier linguistic expression.
As result of the research, it has been found that the orientation patterns as revealed in the proverbs are characterized as summarized in the below.
1. There are more or less 100 proverbs in Allness Orientation, which is regarded as one of the defectives in Aristoteles' formal logic. The contents of these proverbs are rather deeply reflected in the orientation patterns of the general populace. This orientation pattern is characterized in that it is in tight and close relation with connotativly orientation process of speech and therefore, not maintaining good connection denotative with reality objects.
2. About 30 proverbs are sorted out that are based on Generalization Orientation, which deals with a reality object only through one aspect out of many entitled to it, thus inclined to easygoing with every thing, however serious and complicated the matter should be.
3. There are as many as 73 proverbs of Judgements nature, which are well represented by such simple syntax as "It is what." or "It is so." Here, speech and reality object are taken as one and same thing. This is a kind of traditional Identification Orientation as brought forth in Aristoteles' formal logic, and it is well seen that our orientation pattern is substantially prevailed by this logic.
4. More or less 80 proverbs are classified as One-valued Orientation by which reality object is viewed and evaluated by a sinsle aspect, and on the other hand, 20 proverbs are in Two-valued Orientation in which outside object is taken in two facets. Yet, neither of them is considered as wholesome and sincere manner of interpreting and handling the complex matters of reality world.
5. 20 or so proverbs are found concerned with Self-reflexiveness of language which is regarded as one of the most important conception of the general semantics. The principle of Self-reflexiveness is rooted unconsciously in them. Reflective view of Meta-communication is also found involeved here in a good degree.
6. As many as 40 proverbs are found to have identical expression of Non-allness Orientation, which the general semantics insists on its significance in linguistic development.
7. It is rather a difficult job to collect proverbs of Multivalued Orientation in Korea. Yet, no less than 10 of them have been discovered in sue among the people. This orientation is particularly commended from view point of semantics as it represents most instructive, empirical and open-mined way of orientation.
8. There are also found about 10 proverbs existing that call for Extensional Orientation which is held as the most fundamental principle of the general semantics, indicating the fact that it has not been substantially reflected to proverbs and on the way of orientation.
As discussed in the above, it has been found that there exists a good many point in our proverbs that are in agreement with the theories and instructive perceptions of the general semantics. And it can be concluded that the instructive perceptives in the Korean proverbs would be able to help enhance our orientation patterns along with the directions of general semantics, and eventually contribute for reformation and improvement of our consciousness, use of language as well as linguistic behaviors.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 목차
• 國文要約 = i
• I. 序論 = 1
• 1. 硏究의 目的 = 1
• 2. 硏究史 槪觀 = 3
• 3. 硏究方法 = 8
• II. 韓國俗談의 一般意味論的 硏究 = 9
• 1. 總稱的 思考類型에 의한 俗談 = 10
• 2. 非總稱的 思考類型에 의한 俗談 = 23
• 3. 一般化 思考類型에 의한 俗談 = 28
• 4. 同一視 思考類型에 의한 俗談 = 35
• 5. 一値的 思考類型에 의한 俗談 = 44
• 6. 二値的 思考類型에 의한 俗談 = 49
• 7. 多値的 思考類型에 의한 俗談 = 52
• 8. 再生原理 思考類型에 의한 俗談 = 56
• 9. 外在的 思考類型에 의한 俗談 = 58
• III. 結論 = 60
• ○ 參考文獻 = 63