Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide, with a steadily increasing incidence. Despite advances in therapeutic strategies, early detection remains challenging, and the frequent development of resistance to anticance...
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide, with a steadily increasing incidence. Despite advances in therapeutic strategies, early detection remains challenging, and the frequent development of resistance to anticancer therapies represents a major obstacle to effective treatment. In particular, resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors, which are widely used as standard therapies for CRC, has emerged as a significant clinical problem due to limited and variable therapeutic responses.
Accumulating evidence suggests that G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) play critical roles in the regulation of tumor growth, survival, and progression. Among them, dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2), a member of the GPCR family, has been implicated in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis in various cancer types. Dopamine is abundantly distributed throughout the human body, with relatively high concentrations reported in the gastrointestinal tract, suggesting that DRD2-mediated signaling may influence CRC biology and tumor behavior.
In this study, we investigated the anticancer effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of newly synthesized DRD2 antagonists, SD2-2305 and SD2-2310, using human CRC cell lines HCT116 and HT-29. Treatment with SD2-2305 and SD2-2310 significantly reduced cell viability in a dose-dependent manner in both cell lines. Immunoblot analysis of apoptosis-related proteins, including caspase cascade components and Bcl-2 family members, revealed cell line–specific apoptotic responses. In HCT116 cells, increased levels of cleaved caspase-3 and caspase-7 were evident, whereas no such changes were observed in HT-29 cells. Conversely, expression of Bcl-2 family proteins remained unchanged in HCT116 cells, while an increase in the pro-apoptotic protein Bak was detected in HT-29 cells.
Further analysis demonstrated that treatment with SD2-2305 and SD2-2310 markedly reduced the expression of key cell cycle regulators, including CDK1, CDK2, Cyclin A, and Cyclin B, suggesting suppression of cell cycle progression. Examination of major survival signaling pathways revealed decreased phosphorylation of p38 MAPK in both cell lines. In contrast, phosphorylation of the downstream effector p70S6K within the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway was increased, while no significant changes were observed in the JAK/STAT pathway.
Collectively, these findings demonstrate that the newly synthesized DRD2 antagonists SD2-2305 and SD2-2310 induce apoptosis or suppress cell growth in CRC models through modulation of cell cycle regulators and survival signaling pathways. This study provides experimental evidence supporting DRD2 antagonism as a potential novel therapeutic strategy for CRC and underscores the need for further investigation of DRD2 antagonists as promising anticancer candidates.