Objectives
This study aims to evaluate which surrogate outcomes most informative for assessing QALY(Quality-Ajusted Life Years) and the impact on QALY differences depending on surrogate outcomes in first-line treatment for CML. In addition, perform QA...
Objectives
This study aims to evaluate which surrogate outcomes most informative for assessing QALY(Quality-Ajusted Life Years) and the impact on QALY differences depending on surrogate outcomes in first-line treatment for CML. In addition, perform QALY analysis of Nilotinib versus Imatinib for newly diagnosed Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myeloid leukemia in the chronic phase.
Key words : surrogate outcomes, QALY, CML(chronic myeloid leukemia)
Methods
Reports published were searched through MEDLINE and selected on the basis that they addressed a treatment effectiveness/efficacy question, that they included a CEM(Cost effective model) and that the CEM was primarily based on a surrogate outcome. Most Information about the use of surrogate outcomes in Pharmacoeconomic studies was extracted from Heath Technology Assessment(HTA) 2009 report. Surrogate outcome (MMR, CCyR) in CML first-line treatment were assessed according to two published validation frameworks Journal of the American Medical Association(JAMA) criteria and Outcomes Measures in Rheumatology Clinical Trials(OMRACT) scoring schema. After that, the literature search for obtaining effectiveness outcomes and utility weights was mainly undertaken in Pubmed. Effectiveness outcomes were used to analysis for QALY of Nilotinib versus Imatinib for newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia. Then a Markov model was used to simulate outcomes in a hypothetical cohort of newly diagnosed CML patients over life time. The model contains 14 health states: 1st line CP, 2nd line CP intolerant, 2nd line CP resistant, 2nd line AP, No TKI, No TKI AP, No TKI BC, Transplant CP, Transplant AP, Transplant BC, Post transplant CP, Post transplant AP, Post transplant BC, CML death. QALY differences analysis depending on surrogate outcome(MMR, CCyR) were performed on Nilotinib versus Imatinib for newly diagnosed CML.
Results
Analyses according to two published validation frameworks (JAMA, OMERACT) showed CCyR is more informative and apparent surrogate outcome in newly diagnosed CML patients. The search for obtaining effectiveness outcomes in Pubmed only yielded 18 articles, and 1 of them were selected. Saglio et al, 2010, which met the criteria for inclusion in our review. The Evaluating Nilotinib Efficacy and Safety in Clinical Trials-New Diagnosed Patients(ENESTnd) trial is the first and only head-to-head study of Imatinib versus Nilotinib for treatment of newly diagnosed, Ph+ CML-CP patients. In ENESTnd, The endpoint was the rate of MMR, defined as the value of ≤0.1% of BCR-ABL ratio on the International Scale. The major secondary endpoint was the rate of CCyR by 12 months based on bone marrow cytogenetics. In QALY analyses based on MMR, Nilotinib was 2.28 more QALYs than Imatinib, which means that for 832 days a given patient will have a perfect well-being in their physical, psychological and mental domains. Also, In QALY analysis based on CCyR, Nilotinib was 2.34 more QALYs than Imatinib, which means that for 854 days a given patient will have a perfect well-being in their physical, psychological and mental domains. QALY difference depending on surrogate outcome(MMR, CCyR) was 0.06 QALYs. Nilotinib provided higher projected survival over imatinib and reduces the risk of CML death.
Conclusions
There were no significant QALY differences between MMR and CCyR. However, it will have high impact on incremental cost-effectiveness ratio(ICER). Even though, Nilotinib has better effectiveness than Imatinib in patients with newly diagnosed CML, proving cost effectiveness may be difficult.