Transdifferentiation : flexibility in cell differentiation

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• 1. Introduction = 1
• 1.1. the scope of the monograph = 1
• 1.2. Historical survey = 3
• 1.3. Terminology = 9
• 1.3.1. Metaplasia and related terminology = 9
• 1.3.2. Transdifferentiation = 9
• 1.3.3. Transdetermination = 11
• 1.3.4. Some other terms = 12
• 2. Are dormant genes in differentiated cells activated? = 13
• 2.1. Nuclear transplantation = 13
• 2.2. Heterokaryons = 16
• 2.3. Possble re-activation of dormant genes by hypomethylation = 18
• 2.4. Does transdifferentiation occur in differentiated plant cells? = 19
• 2.5. Transdetermination in Drosophila imaginal discs = 21
• 3. Does change in differentiated cell phenotypes occur in normal development? = 25
• 3.1. Examples from invertebrate development = 25
• 3.2. Developmental shift of molecular markers = 29
• 4. Examples of transdifferentiation among single or related cell classes = 32
• 4.1. Flexibility of differentiation phenotypes of neurons = 32
• 4.2. Transdifferentiation among different subclasses of chromatophores = 42
• 4.3. Transdifferentiation of endocrine cells to neurons = 47
• 4.3.1. Chromaffin cells can change to neuronal cells = 49
• 4.3.2. Factors influencing transdifferentiation of chromaffin cells into neuronal cells = 53
• 5. Re-evaluation of classical examples of metaplasia and some relatedsystems = 56
• 5.1. Epithelial metaplasia = 56
• 5.1.1. Skin metaplasia = 57
• 5.1.2. Endodermal derivatives = 58
• 5.1.3. Corneal epithelium = 64
• 5.2. Pancreatic hepatocytes = 66
• 5.3. Bone metaplasia : myocytes transdifferentiate into cartilage cells = 72
• 5.4. Other systems = 78
• 6. Does transdifferentiation occur in regeneration? = 80
• 6.1. Regeneration in representative invertebrates = 80
• 6.1.1. Regeneration in planarians = 80
• 6.1.2. Other invertebrates systems = 85
• 6.2. Regeneration of amphibian limbs = 88
• 6.2.1. Nuclear transplantation and cell culture = 89
• 6.2.2. Cell differentiation of blastema cells in situ = 91
• 6.2.3. Regeneration from putative 'reserve' cells = 95
• 6.2.4. Summary of studies on limb regeneration = 96
• 6.3. Lens regeneration by transdifferentiation = 99
• 6.3.1. A short historical note = 99
• 6.3.2. Regenerated lens is derived from iris pigmented epithelium (IPE) by transdifferentiation = 100
• 6.3.3. Retinal pigmented epithelium transdifferentiates into lens = 105
• 6.3.4. Lens regeneration from cornea = 105
• 6.3.5. Possible lens transdifferentiation from neural retina in vivo = 107
• 6.4. Regeneration of neural retina by transdifferentiation = 111
• 6.5. Summary of studies on regeneration of eyes = 116
• 7. Transdifferentiation in cell culture conditions = 119
• 7.1. Transdifferentiation from pigmented cells of eyes = 119
• 7.1.1. Retinal pigmented epithelial cells transdifferentiate into lens = 119
• 7.1.2. Retinal pigmented epithelial cells transdifferentiate into neural retina = 125
• 7.1.3. Iris pigmented epithelial cells transdifferentiate into lengs = 127
• 7.1.4. Other pigment cells = 129
• 7.2. Transdifferentiation from neural retina = 130
• 7.2.1. General features of transdifferentiating cultures of neural retina = 132
• 7.2.2. Molecular events = 134
• 7.2.3. Progenitor cell type in transdifferentiated lens = 138
• 7.2.4. Extrinsic factors affecting transdifferentiation of neural retina = 140
• 7.3. the pineal body as a multipotential system in cell differentiation = 143
• 7.4. the unusually wide differentiation repertoire of isolated strated muscle of medusa = 146
• 7.4.1. Birth of new cell types from isolated striated muscle = 147
• 7.4.2. Organ regeneration from isolated striated muscle = 150
• 8. Factors influencing transdifferentiation = 155
• 8.1. Are preceding mitotic sycles obligatory for transdifferentiation? = 155
• 8.2. Is a loss of the pre-existing phenotype a necessary condition for transdifferentiation? = 161
• 8.3. A possible cue to trigger the process of transdifferentiation = 163
• 8.4. Does disruption of contact-mediated cell interaction control phenotypic modification? = 165
• 8.5. Do speific molecules induce new pathways in transdifferentiation systems? = 170
• 8.6. Is 'molecular memory' a possible prerequisite for transdifferentiation? = 173
• 9. Characteristics of the transdifferentiation process = 178
• 9.1. Transdifferentiation is basically a unidirectional process = 178
• 9.2. Can the dichotomy of transdifferentiation (metaplasia) versus differentiation of stem cells be reconciled? = 182
• 9.3. Speculation on the mechanisms of transdifferentiation = 186
• References = 193
• Index = 230