일탈사회학과 뒤르케임의 유산

국문 초록 (Abstract)

일탈의 사회학에 미친 뒤르케임의 영향은 실로 막대하다. 그러나 후대의 학자들은 이러한 뒤르케임의 학문적 유산을 충분히 활용하고 있지 못해온 것 같다. 이 글은 이러한 문제의식에서 일탈의 사회학에 뒤르케임이 미친 영향을 체계적이고도 비판적으로 정리해 본다. 자살의 원인에 대한 뒤르케임의 이론적 입장은 나중에 사회해체이론, 사회통제이론, 그리고 아노미이론과 같은 대표적인 범죄학이론의 뿌리가 된다. 그리고 정상과병리의 구분과 범죄의 기능에 대한 그의 논의는 이후 낙인이론의 기초가 되었다고 볼 수 있다. 그러나 이후 일탈사회학의 발달과정에서 뒤르케임의 지적 유산과 단절되는 경향이 나타났다. 다행히 뒤르케임의 이론을 다시 일탈이론 안으로 끌어들이려는 노력이 일부 나타나고 있기는 하다. 그러나 대체로 현재 일탈사회학은 통합과 규제의 이론적 분리, 거시적 분석의 경시, 그리고 사회변동에 대한 이론적 관심의 부족이라는 문제점 들을 겪고 있고, 이는 상당 부분 현재의 일탈사회학이 지적 뿌리인 뒤르케임으로부터 너무 멀어져버린 결과로 생각된다. 그러므로 앞으로 일탈사회학의 지속적인 발전을 위해서는 뒤르 케임의 지적 유산을 현대적 상황에 맞추어 되살리는 작업이 필요하다고 본다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Durkheim`s impact on sociology of deviance is tremendous. However, it appears that Durkheim`s legacy has not been fully appreciated until today. This paper discusses Durkheim`s influences on sociology of deviance systematically and critically to examine the problems of current studies on deviance. Durkheim`s theory on suicide is the origin of main criminological theories such as social disorganization theory, social control theory, and anomie theory. And his discussions on the distinction between the normal and pathology and the function of crime in society lay the foundation for labeling theory. As sociology of deviance develops, however, the linkage to Durkheim`s legacy has weakened. Fortunately, there are some efforts to revitalize Durkheim`s tradition. But sociology of deviance today has problems such as the theoretical separation of integration and regulation, the underestimation of macro level studies, and the lack of theoretical interest in social change. This problems is largely due to the fact that sociology of deviance has been oblivious of its Durkheimian root. Therefore, we need to be back to Durkheim`s legacy in a creative way for the ongoing progress of sociology of deviance.

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