Potential involvement of neutrophils on exercise effects in breast cancer malignancy

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

[Purpose] This review aimed to comprehensively explore and elucidate multifaceted neutrophils in breast cancer, particularly in the context of physical activity. Neutrophils play a critical role in the tumor microenvironment and systemic immune response, despite their short half-life and terminal differentiation. Through a thorough review of research related to changes in immunity in breast cancer during exercise, this review aims to provide comprehensive insights into immunological changes, especially focusing on neutrophils. Recognizing that much of the existing research has predominantly focused on T cells and nature killer (NK) cells, our review seeks to shift the spotlight toward understanding how exercise affects neutrophils, a less-explored but critical immune response component in breast cancer.
[Methods] This study involved an extensive review of the literature (from 2000 to 2023) using the PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases. The keywords chosen for the searches were “immune cells and exercise,” “exercise and breast cancer,” “tumor microenvironment and neutrophils,” and “neutrophils and exercise and breast cancers.” [Results] Neutrophils in the tumor microenvironment can exhibit distinct phenotypes and functions. These differences have yielded conflicting results regarding tumor progression. Exercise plays a positive role in breast cancer and alters the immune system. Physical activity can quantitatively and functionally regulate neutrophils under various conditions such as metabolic disruption or senescence.
[Conclusion] This short communication outlines exercise-induced neutrophil diversification and its role in breast cancer progression, both within and systemically within the tumor microenvironment. Exercise may provide benefits through the potential neutrophil involvement in breast cancer.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Katze MG, "Viruses and interferon : a fight for supremacy" 2 : 675-687, 2002

2 Mishalian I, "Tumor-associated neutrophils(TAN)develop pro-tumorigenic properties during tumor progression" 62 : 1745-1756, 2013

3 Goff SL, "The role of immune cells in breast tissue and immunotherapy for the treatment of breast cancer" 21 : E63-73, 2021

4 Forte P, "The relationships between physical activity, exercise, and sport on the immune system" 19 : 6777-, 2022

5 Riggio AI, "The lingering mysteries of metastatic recurrence in breast cancer" 124 : 13-26, 2021

6 Cormie P, "The impact of exercise on cancer mortality, recurrence, and treatment-related adverse effects" 39 : 71-92, 2017

7 Darvishi E, "The effect of a combined exercise program on the fatigue severity of patients with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy : a randomized clinical trial study" 28 : 398-404, 2023

8 Kruger K, "T cell homing and exercise" 13 : 37-54, 2007

9 Scharl A, "Significance of ovarian function suppression in endocrine therapy for breast cancer in pre-menopausal women" 76 : 516-524, 2016

10 Jorgovanovic D, "Roles of IFN-gamma in tumor progression and regression : a review" 8 : 49-, 2020

11 Mukherjee AG, "Role of immune cells and receptors in cancer treatment : an immunotherapeutic approach" 10 : 1493-, 2022

12 Sun YS, "Risk factors and preventions of breast cancer" 13 : 1387-1397, 2017

13 Liu RM, "Reciprocal regulation of TGF-beta and reactive oxygen species : a perverse cycle for fibrosis" 6 : 565-577, 2015

14 Fridlender ZG, "Polarization of tumor-associated neutrophil phenotype by TGF-beta : "N1"versus"N2"TAN" 16 : 183-194, 2009

15 Kumar P, "Physical exercise is associated with a reduction in plasma levels of fractalkine, TGF-beta1, eotaxin-1 and IL-6 in younger adults with mobility disability" 17 : e0263173-, 2022

16 García-Chico C, "Physical exercise and the hallmarks of breast cancer : a narrative review" 15 : 324-, 2023

17 Irwin ML, "Physical activity levels before and after a diagnosis of breast carcinoma : the Health, Eating, Activity, and Lifestyle(HEAL)study" 97 : 1746-1757, 2003

18 Cannioto RA, "Physical activity before, during, and after chemotherapy for highrisk breast cancer : relationships with survival" 113 : 54-63, 2021

19 Palesh O, "Physical activity and survival in women with advanced breast cancer" 41 : E31-8, 2018

20 Shao T, "Physical activity and nutritional influence on immune function : an important strategy to improve immunity and health status" 12 : 751374-, 2021

21 Diao X, "Physical activity and cancer risk : a dose-response analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019" 43 : 1229-1243, 2023

22 Xu Y, "Physical activity and breast cancer prevention : possible role of immune mediators" 7 : 557997-, 2020

23 Zheng C, "Neutrophils in triple-negative breast cancer : an underestimated player with increasingly recognized importance" 25 : 88-, 2023

24 Xiong S, "Neutrophils in cancer carcinogenesis and metastasis" 14 : 173-, 2021

25 Zhang QB, "Moderate swimming suppressed the growth and metastasis of the transplanted liver cancer in mice model : with reference to nervous system" 35 : 4122-4131, 2016

26 Alireza Zamani ; Iraj Salehi ; Mahdi Alahgholi-Hajibehzad, "Moderate Exercise Enhances the Production of Interferon-γ and Interleukin-12 in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells" 대한면역학회 17 (17): 186-191, 2017

27 Casbon AJ, "Invasive breast cancer reprograms early myeloid differentiation in the bone marrow to generate immunosuppressive neutrophils" 112 : E566-75, 2015

28 Dasso NA, "How is exercise different from physical activity? a concept analysis" 54 : 45-52, 2019

29 Kashyap D, "Global increase in breast cancer incidence : risk factors and preventive measures" 2022 : 9605439-, 2022

30 Swaminathan H, "Extensive review on breast cancer its etiology, progression, prognostic markers, and treatment" 40 : 238-, 2023

31 Chow LS, "Exerkines in health, resilience and disease" 18 : 273-289, 2022

32 Idorn M, "Exercise-dependent regulation of NK cells in cancer protection" 22 : 565-577, 2016

33 Yoon KJ, "Exercise reduces metabolic burden while altering the immune system in aged mice" 13 : 1294-1313, 2021

34 Pedersen BK, "Exercise and the immune system : regulation, integration, and adaptation" 80 : 1055-1081, 2000

35 Widiastuti IAE, "Exercise adaptations and TGF-beta1levels in recreational cyclists" 70 : 102872-, 2021

36 Hagar A, "Endurance training slows breast tumor growth in mice by suppressing Treg cells recruitment to tumors" 19 : 536-, 2019

37 Lavín-Pérez AM, "Effects of exercise on immune cells with tumor-specific activity in breast cancer patients and survivors : a systematic review and meta-analysis" 31 : 507-, 2023

38 Syahputra M, "Effect of moderate intensity continuous training and slow type interval training to gene expression of TGF-beta in type 2 diabetes mellitus model wistar rats" 77 : 4-7, 2023

39 Li Y, "Effect of exercise on breast cancer : a systematic review and meta-analysis of animal experiments" 9 : 843810-, 2022

40 Netea MG, "Defining trained immunity and its role in health and disease" 20 : 375-388, 2020

41 Walsh LA, "Decoding the tumor microenvironment with spatial technologies" 24 : 1982-1993, 2023

42 Rundqvist H, "Cytotoxic T-cells mediate exercise-induced reductions in tumor growth" 9 : e59996-, 2020

43 Małkowska P, "Cytokines as biomarkers for evaluating physical exercise in trained and non-trained individuals : a narrative review" 24 : 11156-, 2023

44 Toh HC, "Cancer immunotherapy-the end of the beginning" 7 : 12-, 2018

45 Farkona S, "Cancer immunotherapy : the beginning of the end of cancer?" 14 : 73-, 2016

46 Feng Y, "Breast cancer development and progression : risk factors, cancer stem cells, signaling pathways, genomics, and molecular pathogenesis" 5 : 77-106, 2018

47 Ataollahi MR, "Breast cancer and associated factors : a review" 8 : 6-11, 2015

48 Majeed W, "Breast cancer : major risk factors and recent developments in treatment" 15 : 3353-3358, 2014

49 Rogers LQ, "Biobehavioral factors mediate exercise effects on fatigue in breast cancer survivors" 46 : 1077-1088, 2014

50 Vehmanen L, "Associations between physical exercise, quality of life, psychological symptoms and treatment side effects in early breast cancer" 2022 : 9921575-, 2022

51 Cao C, "Association of daily sitting time and leisure-time physical activity with survival among US cancer survivors" 8 : 395-403, 2022

52 Adams-Campbell LL, "An 8-week exercise study to improve cancer treatment related fatigue and QOL among African American breast cancer patients undergoing radiation treatment : a pilot randomized clinical trial" 115 : 199-206, 2023

53 Patel AV, "American college of sports medicine roundtable report on physical activity, sedentary behavior, and cancer prevention and control" 51 : 2391-2402, 2019

54 Schmitz KH, "American college of sports medicine roundtable on exercise guidelines for cancer survivors" 42 : 1409-1426, 2010

55 Kushi LH, "American cancer society guidelines on nutrition and physical activity for cancer prevention : reducing the risk of cancer with healthy food choices and physical activity" 62 : 30-67, 2012