The rapid expansion of the electric-vehicle and lithium-ion battery industries has intensified the need for high-performance refractory saggars that can withstand repeated reactions with lithium during high-temperature cathode synthesis. In this work,...
The rapid expansion of the electric-vehicle and lithium-ion battery industries has intensified the need for high-performance refractory saggars that can withstand repeated reactions with lithium during high-temperature cathode synthesis. In this work, we systematically examine Al2O3–kaolin–MgO ceramic composites, analyzing phase evolution, microstructural development and thermo-mechanical properties as functions of MgO content and sintering temperature, with particular emphasis on corrosion behavior in molten-lithium environments. The optimum formulation, denoted M3 (52.3 wt% Al2O3, 40.2 wt% kaolin, 7.5 wt% MgO), develops a well-balanced multiphase matrix of mullite, cordierite, spinel and sapphirine. This composition achieves a flexural strength of 76.2 MPa and a low coefficient of thermal expansion of 4.792 ㎛ m⁻¹℃⁻¹ after sintering at 1400 ℃. Even after three corrosion cycles at 900 ℃, the M3 specimen retains 66 % of its original strength, while lithium penetration remains confined to < 300 ㎛. Although absolute thermal-shock resistance is moderated by internal stresses arising from thermal-expansion mismatches, the M3 body outperforms alternative formulations in strength retention. Electrochemical testing reveals that secondary Li-aluminate and Li-silicate phases generated by saggar–lithium reactions accumulate on the LNCM811 cathode surface, obstruct Li⁺ diffusion and increase charge-transfer resistance owing to their near-insulating conductivity. Consequently, the initial discharge capacity falls from ≈ 182.5 mAh g⁻¹ (pristine LNCM) to ≈ 174.6 mAh g⁻¹, although the coulombic efficiency during formation remains largely unaffected. Over prolonged cycling and at higher rates (≥ 0.5 C), the mismatch in thermal-expansion coefficients between these secondary phases and the LNCM lattice exacerbates interfacial stresses, accelerates reaction inhomogeneity and further enlarges capacity fade. This study establishes an MgO-driven multiphase-engineering approach, combined with in-situ columnar mullite growth, as an effective route to refractory composites that exhibit enhanced structural and chemical stability under aggressive lithium conditions. The findings provide foundational guidance for designing high-reliability saggars compatible with next-generation, high-Ni cathode synthesis.