Syntactic theory

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• PREFACE = ⅴ
• 1 Setting = 1
• 1.1 Focus and Aim = 1
• 1.2 The Study of Language = 2
• 1.3 The Data of Linguistics = 5
• 1.4 Something about Method = 15
• Bibliographical Note = 18
• Problems and Questions = 19
• 2 Grammars and Languages = 21
• 2.1 Why Study Grammars? = 21
• 2.2 Finite and Infinite = 24
• 2.3 Languages = 26
• 2.4 Generative Grammars = 28
• 2.5 Example = 30
• 2.6 Unrestricted Rewriting Grammars = 32
• Problems and Questions = 35
• 3 Phrase-Structure Grammars = 37
• 3.1 Phrase-Markers = 37
• 3.2 Phrase-Structure Grammars = 39
• 3.3 Ordering of Rules = 44
• 3.4 Abbreviatory Conventions = 46
• 3.5 A Phrase-Structure Grammar for English = 48
• 3.6 The Reality of P-Markers = 51
• 3.7 The Adequacy of Phrase-Structure Grammars = 56
• Problems and Questions = 56
• 4 The Nature of Linguistic Elements = 58
• 4.1 Formatives = 58
• 4.2 Formatives as Complex Objects = 63
• 4.3 Syntactic Features = 66
• 4.4 Grammars with Complex Symbols = 67
• 4.5 Categorial Elements = 70
• Problems and Questions = 71
• 5 Grammatical Transformations = 73
• 5.1 Some Further Inadequacies of Phrase-Structure Grammars = 73
• 5.2 Grammatical Transformations = 79
• 5.3 Some Examples of Transformations = 89
• 5.4 Restricting Transformations = 96
• 5.5 Another Argument for Transformational Grammars = 101
• Problems and Questions = 102
• 6 A Theory of Transformational Grammar = 104
• 6.1 Introductory Outline = 104
• 6.2 The Base = 105
• 6.3 The Transformational Cycle = 110
• 6.4 Precyclic and Last-cyclic Rules = 125
• 6.5 The Semantic Component = 130
• 6.6 Transformational Theory before Aspects : A Short Sketch = 133
• Problems and Questions = 139
• 7 Syntactic Arguments = 142
• 7.1 How to Think about Syntax = 142
• 7.2 There-Insertion = 143
• 7.3 Raising = 146
• 7.4 Extraposition = 152
• 7.5 Passive = 158
• 7.6 Interrelationships among the Rules = 163
• 7.7 Some Common Types of Syntactic Arguments = 166
• Problems and Questions = 177
• 8 The Mathematical Theory of Grammars = 179
• 8.1 Why Do Mathematical Linguistics? = 179
• 8.2 Finite-State Systems = 181
• 8.3 Turing Machines and Unrestricted Rewriting Systems = 189
• 8.4 The Hierarchy of Languages and Rewriting Grammars = 197
• 8.5 The Weak Generative Capacity of Transformational Grammars = 198
• Problems and Questions = 204
• 9 Revisions in Transformational Theory = 206
• 9.1 A Change of Emphasis = 206
• 9.2 Comparing Theories = 207
• 9.3 Weakenings of the Theory = 214
• 9.4 Transformations Plus and Minus = 216
• 9.5 Abstract Elements = 219
• 9.6 The Relationship between Semantics and Syntax = 222
• 9.7 Derivational Constraints = 234
• 9.8 Conclusions = 235
• 10 Explanations in Linguistics = 237
• 10.1 Procedure = 237
• 10.2 Levels of Adequacy in Linguistics = 237
• 10.3 Explanatory Adequacy = 240
• 10.4 Explanation in General = 251
• 11 Universal Grammar = 253
• 11.1 Orientation = 253
• 11.2 Evidence for Substantive Universals in Syntax = 253
• 11.3 Universal Aspects of the Base = 259
• 11.4 The Peters-Ritchie Results on Limiting the Base = 263
• 11.5 Universal Transformations = 265
• 11.6 Functional Explanations = 277
• Epilogue = 280
• BIBLIOGRAPHY = 281
• INDEX = 291