북한산국립공원 산림과 습지 내 멧돼지와 고라니의 일일 활동 양상: 인간-야생동물 갈등 완화를 위한 시사점 = Daily Activity Patterns of Wild Boars and Water Deer in Forest and Wetland Habitats of Bukhansan National Park : Implications for Human-Wildlife Conflict Mitigation

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The objective of this study was to investigate the daily activity patterns of wild boar (Sus scrofa) and Korean water deer (Hydropotes inermis) in forest and wetland habitats of Bukhansan National Park, where increasing human–wildlife conflicts have emerged due to anthropogenic disturbances and habitat degradation near urban areas. From a total of 2,529 camera-trap photographs, 457 images of wild boar and water deer were analyzed. In forests, wild boar appeared 29.15% during the day and 70.85% at night, while water deer appeared 29.73% during the day and 70.27% at night. In wetlands, wild boar showed 22.97% diurnal and 77.03% nocturnal activity, whereas water deer showed 16.36% and 83.64%, respectively. Both species exhibited significant nocturnal activity (p<0.001), with peaks occurring shortly after sunset and before sunrise. The temporal overlap coefficients (Δ ) were high for both species: 0.93 (95% CI:40.85–0.97) for wild boar and 0.92 (95% CI: 0.88–0.97) for water deer. These findings provide fundamental ecological data to support wildlife population management and human–wildlife conflict mitigation strategies in urban-adjacent National Parks.