Psychology

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• To the Instructor = xvii
• To the Student = xxix
• About the Authors = xxxii
• PART ONE / AN INVITATION TO PSYCHOLOGY
• 1 THE SCIENCE OF PSYCHOLOGY = 1
• Psychology, Pseudoscience, and Popular Opinion = 2
• Thinking Critically and Creatively About Psychology = 5
• Psychology's Past : From the Armchair to the Laboratory = 13
• The Birth of Modern Psychology = 14
• Three Early Psychologies = 15
• Psychology's Present : Behavior, Mind, and Culture = 17
• The Major Psychological Perspectives = 17
• Two Influential Movements in Psychology = 19
• What Psychologists Do = 22
• Psychological Research = 23
• Psychological Practice = 23
• Psychology in the Community = 26
• The Mosaic of Psychology = 27
• Taking Psychology with you : What Psychology Can Do for You - and What It Can't = 28
• 2 HOW PSYCHOLOGISTS DO RESEARCH = 33
• What Makes Psychological Research Scientific? = 34
• Descriptive Studies : Establishing the Facts = 37
• Case Studies = 38
• Observational Studies = 39
• Tests = 41
• Surveys = 43
• Correlational Studies : Looking for Relationships = 44
• Experiments : Hunting for Causes = 48
• Experimental Variables = 48
• Experimental and Control Conditions = 50
• Experimenter Effects = 50
• Advantages and Limitations of Experiments = 51
• Evaluating the Findings = 52
• Descriptive Statistics : Finding Out What's So = 52
• Inferential Statistics : Asking "So What?" = 54
• Interpreting the Findings = 55
• Keeping the Enterprise Ethical = 58
• The Ethics of Studying Human Beings = 59
• The Ethics of Studying Animals = 59
• Taking Psychology with You : The Gambler's Fallacy and Other "Intuitive Statistics" = 60
• PART TWO / BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR
• 3 EVOLUTION, GENES, AND BEHAVIOR = 65
• Unlocking the Secrets of Genes = 66
• The Genetics of Similarity = 68
• Evolution and Natural Selection = 68
• Innate Human Characteristics = 70
• Our Human Heritage : Language = 72
• The Nature of Language = 72
• The Innate Capacity for Language = 73
• Learning and Language = 75
• Our Human Heritage : Courtship and Mating = 77
• Evolution and Sexual Strategies = 77
• Culture and the "Genetic Leash" = 78
• The Genetics of Difference = 80
• The Meaning of Heritability = 81
• Computing Heritability = 82
• Our Human Diversity : Body Weight and Shape = 84
• Genes and Weight = 84
• Environmental Influences on Weight = 86
• Biology Meets Culture : The Problem of Eating Disorders = 88
• Our Human Diversity : Origins of Intelligence = 89
• Genes and Individual Differences = 89
• The Question of Group Differences = 90
• The Environment and Intelligence = 92
• In Praise of Human Variation = 94
• Taking Psychology with You : How to Lose Weight-and Whether You Should = 95
• 4 NEURONS, HORMONES, AND THE BRAIN = 99
• The Nervous System : A Basic Blueprint = 100
• The Central Nervous System = 100
• The Peripheral Nervous System = 101
• Communication in the Nervous System = 103
• The Structure of the Neuron = 105
• How Neurons Communicate = 106
• Chemical Messengers in the Nervous System = 108
• Mapping the Brain = 113
• A Tour Through the Brain = 116
• The Brain Stem = 117
• The Cerebellum = 117
• The Thalamus = 117
• The Hypothalamus and the Pituitary Gland = 117
• The Limbic System = 118
• The Cerebrum = 120
• The Two Hemispheres of the Brain = 124
• Split Brains : A House Divided = 124
• A Question of Dominance = 127
• Two Stubborn Issues on Brain Research = 129
• Where Is the Self? = 129
• Are There "His" and "Hers" Brains? = 130
• Taking Psychology with You : Food for Thought : Diet and Neurotransmitters = 133
• 5 BODY RHYTHMS AND MENTAL STATES = 139
• Biological Rhythms : The Tides of Experience = 140
• Circadian Rhythms = 141
• Mood and Long-term Rhythms = 143
• The Rhythm of Sleep = 148
• Why We Sleep = 149
• The Realms of Sleep = 150
• Exploring the Dream World = 153
• Dreams as Unconscious Wishes = 154
• Dreams as Reflections of Current Concerns = 155
• Dreams as a By-product of Mental Housekeeping = 156
• Dreams as Interpreted Brain Activity = 157
• Consciousness-Altering Drugs = 160
• Classifying Drugs = 161
• The Physiology of Drug Effects = 163
• The Psychology of Drug Effects = 165
• The Drug Debate = 167
• The Riddle of hypnosis = 168
• The Nature of Hypnosis = 169
• Theories of Hypnosis = 170
• Taking Psychology with You : How to Get a Good Night's Sleep = 174
• 6 SENSATION AND PERCEPTION = 179
• Our Sensational Senses = 180
• The Riddle of Separate Sensations = 180
• Measuring the Senses = 182
• Sensory Adaptation = 185
• Sensory Overload = 187
• Vision = 188
• What We See = 188
• An Eye on the World = 189
• Why the Visual System Is Not a Camera = 190
• How We See Colors = 192
• Constructing the Visual World = 194
• Hearing = 200
• What We Hear = 200
• An Ear on the World = 202
• Constructing the Auditory World = 203
• The Other Senses = 204
• Taste : Savory Sensations = 204
• Smell : The Sense of Scents = 206
• Senses of the Skin = 208
• The Mystery of pain = 208
• The Environment Within = 210
• Perceptual Powers : Origins and Influences = 211
• Inborn Abilities and Perceptual Lessons = 212
• Psychological and Cultural Influences on Perception = 213
• Puzzles of Perception = 215
• Subliminal Perception = 215
• Extrasensory Perception : Reality or Illusion? = 217
• Taking Psychology with You : Living with Pain = 219
• PART THREE / THE ENVIRONMENT AND BEHAVIOR
• 7 LEARNING AND CONDITIONING = 225
• Classical Conditioning = 226
• New Reflexes from Old = 227
• Principles of Classical Conditioning = 228
• What is Actually Learned in Classical Conditioning? = 230
• Classical Conditioning in Real Life = 231
• Learning to Like = 232
• Learning to Fear = 233
• Accounting for Taste = 234
• Reacting to Medical Treatments = 235
• Operant Conditioning = 236
• The Birth of Radical Behaviorism = 236
• The Consequences of Behavior = 237
• Principles of Operant Conditioning = 240
• Skinner : The Man and the Myth = 245
• Operant Conditioning in Real Life = 247
• The Pros and Cons of Punishment = 247
• The Problems with Reward = 250
• Social-Cognitive Theories = 253
• Learning by Observing = 254
• Behavior and the Mind = 255
• Taking Psychology with You : Sape Up! = 258
• 8 BEHAVIOR IN SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CONTEXT = 263
• Roles and Rules = 264
• The Obedience Study = 266
• The Prison Study = 268
• The Power of Roles = 269
• Social Influences on Beliefs = 272
• Attributions = 272
• Attitudes = 274
• Individuals in Groups = 279
• Conformity = 279
• Groupthink = 281
• The Anonymous Crowd = 282
• Disobedience and Dissent = 285
• Group Conflict and Prejudice = 288
• Group Identity : Us Versus Them = 288
• Stereotypes = 289
• Prejudice = 290
• Efforts to Reduce Prejudice = 296
• The Question of Human Nature = 298
• Taking Psychology with You : Travels Across the Cultural Divide = 300
• PART FOUR / THINKING AND FEELING
• 9 THINKING AND INTELLIGENCE = 305
• Thought : Using What We Know = 306
• The Elements of Cognition = 306
• How Conscious Is Thought? = 308
• Reasoning Rationally = 310
• Formal Reasoning : Algorithms and Logic = 310
• Informal Reasoning : Heuristics and Dialectical Thinking = 311
• Reflective Judgment = 313
• Barriers to Reasoning Rationally = 316
• Exaggerating the Improbable = 317
• Avoiding Loss = 317
• The Confirmation Basis = 318
• Biases due to Mental Sets = 320
• The Hindsight Bias = 320
• The Need for Cognitive Consistency = 321
• Overcoming Our Cognitive Biases = 323
• Measuring Intelligence : The Psychometric Approach = 324
• The Invention of IQ Tests = 325
• Can IQ Tests be "Culture Free"? = 327
• Beyond the IQ Test = 329
• Dissecting Intelligence : The Cognitive Approach = 330
• The Triarchic Theory = 330
• The Theory of Multiple Intelligences = 331
• Thinking Critically About Intelligence (s) = 332
• Motivation and the Intellect = 333
• Animal Minds = 336
• Animal Intelligence = 336
• Animals and Language = 337
• Thinking About the Thinking of Animals = 340
• Taking Psychology with You : Becoming More Creative = 341
• 10 MEMORY = 347
• Reconstructing the Past = 348
• The Manufacture of Memory = 348
• The Conditions of Confabulation = 349
• The Fading Flashbulb = 351
• The Eyewitness on Trial = 352
• In Pursuit of Memory = 355
• Measuring Memory = 355
• Models of Memory = 357
• The Three-Box Model of Memory = 359
• Sensory Memory : Fleeting Impressions = 359
• Short-term Memory : Memory's Scratch Pad = 361
• Long-term Memory : Final Destination = 362
• How We Remember = 366
• Effective Encoding = 366
• Rehearsal = 367
• Mnemonics = 369
• The Biology of Memory = 370
• Changes in Neurons and Synapses = 370
• Locating Memories = 371
• Hormones and Memory = 372
• Why We Forget = 374
• The Decay Theory = 376
• New Memories for Old = 376
• Interference = 377
• Motivated Forgetting = 378
• Cue-dependent Forgetting = 378
• Autobiographical Memories = 379
• Childhood Amnesia : The Missing years = 380
• Memory and Narrative : The Stories of Our Lives = 381
• Memories and Myths = 384
• Taking Psychology with You : How to... Uh... Remember = 385
• 11 EMOTION = 391
• Elements of Emotion 1 : The Body = 392
• The Face of Emotion = 392
• The Brain and Emotion = 396
• Hormones and Emotion = 398
• Detecting Emotions : Does the Body Lie? = 399
• Elements of Emotions 2 : The Mind = 400
• How Thoughts Create Emotions = 401
• Reason and Emotion : Opposites of Allies? = 404
• Elements of Emotion 3 : The Culture = 405
• Cultural Influences on Emotion = 406
• The Communication of Emotion = 408
• Putting the Elements Together : Emotion and Gender = 412
• Taking Psychology with You : "Let It Out" or "Bottle It Up?" The Dilemma of Anger = 416
• 12 MOTIVATION = 421
• The Social Animal : Motives for Love = 422
• The Need for Attachment = 422
• The Varieties of Love = 426
• Gender, Culture, and Love = 429
• Love Stories and Their Consequences = 429
• The Erotic Animal : Motives for Sex = 432
• The Biology of Desire = 432
• The Psychology of Desire = 434
• The Culture of Desire = 436
• The Riddle of Sexual Orientation = 438
• The Competent Animal : Motivations to Work = 441
• The Effects of Motivation on Work = 441
• The Effects of Work on Motivation = 444
• Motives, Goals, and Well-Being = 447
• The Importance of Goals = 447
• When Motives Conflict = 449
• Taking Psychology with You : Get Motivated! = 452
• PART FIVE / THE DEVELOPING PERSON
• 13 THEORIES OF PERSONALITY = 457
• Measuring Personality = 458
• Testing for Traits = 458
• Identifying Central Traits = 459
• The Genetic Contribution = 462
• Heredity and Temperament = 462
• Heredity and Traits = 464
• Evaluating Genetic Research = 465
• The Social-Cognitive Contribution = 466
• Self-efficacy = 467
• Perceptions of Control = 468
• Evaluating Social-Cognitive Approaches = 470
• The Cultural Contribution = 472
• Culture and Personality = 473
• Evaluating Cultural Influences = 474
• The Psychodynamic Tradition = 475
• Freud and Psychoanalysis = 476
• Other Psychodynamic Approaches = 480
• Psychodynamic Measures of Personality = 483
• Evaluating Psychodynamic Theories = 485
• The Humanist Contribution = 487
• The Inner Experience = 487
• Evaluating Humanist Theories = 488
• The Public and Private Personality = 489
• Taking Psychology with You : Graphology, Horoscopes, and the "Barnum Effect" = 491
• 14 DEVELOPMENT OVER THE LIFE SPAN = 497
• From Conception to the First Year = 498
• Prenatal Development = 498
• The Infant's World = 500
• How Critical Are the Early Years? = 502
• Cognitive Development = 503
• Language = 504
• Thinking = 505
• Moral Reasoning = 510
• Gender Development = 513
• Influences on Gender Development = 514
• Gender over the Life Span = 517
• Parents and Peers = 518
• The Influence of Parents = 518
• How Much Do Parents Matter? = 520
• Adolescence = 523
• The Physiology of Adolescence = 523
• The Psychology of Adolescence = 525
• Ethnic Identity and Acculturation = 527
• Adulthood = 529
• Stages and Ages = 529
• The Transitions of Life = 532
• Old Age = 534
• Are Adults Prisoners of Childhood? = 537
• Taking Psychology with You : Bringing Up Baby = 539
• PART SIX / HEALTH AND DISORDER
• 15 HEALTH, STRESS, AND COPING = 545
• The Nature of Stress = 546
• The Physiology of Stress = 546
• Common Sources of Stress = 547
• The Stress-Illness Mystery = 549
• Personality and Health = 552
• Emotions and Illness = 552
• Optimism and Pessimism = 555
• The Sense of Control = 557
• Coping with Stress = 560
• Cooling Off = 561
• Solving the Problem = 562
• Rethinking the Problem = 563
• Drawing on Social Support = 565
• Healing Through Helping = 567
• How Much Control Do We Have over Our Health = 568
• Taking Psychology with You : Health Habits You Can Live With = 571
• 16 PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS = 575
• Dilemmas of Diagnosis = 576
• Defining Mental Disorders = 576
• Diagnosis : Art or Science? = 577
• Anxiety Disorders = 581
• Anxiety States = 582
• Panic Disorder = 582
• Fears and Phobias = 583
• Obsessions and Compulsions = 584
• Mood Disorders = 586
• Depression and Bipolar Disorder = 586
• Theories of Depression = 587
• Personality Disorders = 591
• Problem Personalities = 591
• Antisocial Personality Disorder = 592
• Dissociative Disorders = 595
• Amnesia and Fugue = 595
• Dissociative Identity Disorder ("Multiple Personality") = 596
• Drug Abuse and Addiction = 599
• Biology and Addiction = 599
• Learning, Culture, and Addiction = 601
• Debating the Causes of Addiction = 603
• Schizophrenia = 605
• Symptoms of Schizophrenia = 606
• Unraveling the Mysteries of Schizophrenia = 608
• Mental Disorders and Personal Responsibility = 611
• Taking Psychology with You : When a Friend Is Suicidal = 611
• 17 APPROACHES TO TREATMENT AND THERAPY = 617
• Biological Treatments for Mental disorders = 617
• The Question of Drugs = 618
• Surgery and Electroshock = 622
• Kinds of Psychotherapy = 624
• Psychodynamic Therapy = 624
• Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy = 625
• Humanist and Existential Therapy = 628
• Therapy in Social Context = 629
• Psychotherapy in Practice = 632
• Evaluating Psychotherapy = 633
• The Scientist-practitioner Gap = 633
• Assessing Therapy's Effectiveness = 635
• When Therapy Helps = 636
• When Therapy Harms = 640
• Alternatives to Psychotherapy = 642
• Community and Rehabilitation Psychology = 642
• The Self-help Movement = 644
• The Value and Values of Psychotherapy = 646
• Taking Psychology with You : Becoming a Smart Consumer of Therapy = 646
• EPILOGUE : TAKING PSYCHOLOGY WITH YOU = 650
• Appendix : Statistical Methods = A-1
• Glossary = G-1
• Bibiography = B-1
• Credits = C-1
• Name Index = NI-1
• Subject Index = SI-1