戰後世界의 勢力均衡體制 樹立을 爲한 聯合國會議에 關한 硏究 : 東北亞問題에 關係되는 事項을 中心으로 With Special Emphasis on Facts Related to Far East-Asia Affairs = A Study on the Allied Nations Conference for the Establishment of a Balance of Power System in the Post-War Era

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The year of 1943 was the decisive year to determine the victor and the loser of the World War Two. In the European war theatre more than 300,000 Nazi soldiers were surrendered to the Red Army of the Soviet Union following a fatal defeat in the battlefield of Stalingrad at the end of January, 1943. Meanwhile, in the Pacific theatre, the Japanese forces were forced to take a general retreat after the defeats in naval and ground encounters of the Guadalcanal campaigns.
In the same year the general picture of the war situations in the East and the West was decisively in favor of the Allied forces, pushing the Axis forces into the corner. The favorable war situations made the allied nations to believe that the time had come for them to discuss the post-war settlements and to adjust their respective positions. With this aim, the heads of the victorstates launched a series of direct and personal contacts, which were later described as "Diplomacy by Conferences".
Ⅰ. Moscow Four Foreign Ministers' Conference (Oct. 18-30, 1943) : As the prospect of victory of the Allied side was getting brighter, the confliction of interests in the ranks of allied side, which was divided into two, that is, Anglo-American vs. Soviet Union was primarily called to adjust the confliction of interests in the ranks of allied side. The meeting was also served as sort of preparatory meeting for the Three Big Heads Meeting (Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin). After the meeting, the discussion at which were devoted to the post-war peace maintenance system, the four foreign ministers issue statement on the punishments of war criminals and the Declaration of General Security.
Ⅱ. Cairo Conference (Nov.22-26, 1943) : The Conference called by the initiative of Presidents Roosevelt of the United States was attended by three big heads of the United State, Great Britain and China : Roosevelt, Churchill and Chiang Kai Shek. Focal point of issue discussed at the conference was post-war settlements with Japan. The conference adopted and issued the Cairo Declaration which spelled out that : Japan should be stripped off all islands on the Pacific Ocean which it had occupied or pirated since 1914 ; all the territories it had pirated from China should be returned to the Republic of China ; Korea should be given independence and the allied side would continue war against Japan until it unconditionally surrender.
Ⅲ. Teheran Conference (Nov. 28-Dec. 1, 1943) : This conference was attended by three big heads, Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin, who primarily discussed post-war settlements with Germany and a Roosevelt's plan to establish a world peace organization. that is, the United Nations. At this conference, some of important issues regarding the Far East were also discussed and some decisions were reached. The Big Three agreed and reaffirmed ; a) continued cooperation among three allied nations and determination to continue war efforts; b) guarantee of independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of Iran and c) establishment of the secondary frontline (Overload-Secondary Frant). These agreements were summarized in the from the Iran Declaration. At the Teheran Conference, Stalin particularly promised to Roosevelt the participations of the Soviet Union in the Pacific war after the surrender of Nazi Germany, concerted efforts to persuade Turkey to enter the anti-Axis war and support of Tito-led partisans. Along with the Moscow Conference, the Teheran Conference had an important significance in that it provided for post-war channels of approach among the three big allied nations. (the United States, Great Britain and the Soviet Union.) and that the United States and Great Britain approved the demands by the Soviet Union for the punishment of war criminals and post-war settlements in Europe.
Ⅳ. Yalta Conference (Feb. 4-11, 1945) : This conference was the second and the last meeting of the Three Big Heads, Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin, since the Teheran Conference. Two months after the Yalta conference. President Roosevelt of the United States suddenly passed away and Prime Minister Churchill of Britain had to leave, though short period it was, from the active political stage following the defeat of his party in the general elections that took place six months after the Yalta Conference. The sudden death of President Roosevelt and absence of Prime Minister Churchill in the active political stage provided Stalin with golden opportunity to willfully and cunningly exploit the post-war confusion and chaos to expand the territory of the Soviet Union which led to building up the largest empire in the world history.
The Yalta Conference was the most important one of innumerable conferences in which the leaders of the allied nations got together during the World War Two. The Conference which was almost exclusively devoted to the discussion of post-war settlements with Germany was unique in that it led to create a new "Balance of power" in the post-war period. Moreover, the conditions for the Russian participation in the Pacific war were also decided at the Yalta Conference. It was the so-called Yalta Agreement which spelled out that in exchange for the participation in the Pacific war two or three months after German is surrender, the Soviet Union was assured with : a) the maintenance of the status quo of Outer Mongolia (Mongolian Peoples Republic) ; b) the retrieval of southern Saghalien and adjacent islands to the Soviet Union; c) acknowledgement of Russia's prevailing interests over the port of Talien, internationalization of Talien and recovery of the Russian lease of the Port Arthur naval base; ed) Sino-Russo joint management of the main railroad in eastern Manchuria and e) concession of the Kuril Islands to the Soviet Union. However, it was decided at the Yalta Conference that any decisions concerning China should be subjected to the approval of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-Shek, which was later translated into an agreement with the Nationalist Chinese government. Besides, the principle of unanimous decision among the big powers was also affirmed at the Yalta Conference. The principle was designed to assure the Soviet Union with right to express its positions, on one hand and to guaranteed both the United States and Great Britain for freedom of actions in the conduct of policies on the other. The experiences of the Legaue of Nations which excluded the Soviet Union made the principle inevitable.
As shown in the foregoing, the post-war settlements, reconstructions and the post war peace maintaining system were discussed and decided at various conferences attended by the delegates of the major allied powers. By the time when the inaugural meeting of the United Nations opened at the end of April, 1945 however, the allied nations had already split into two camps of influence, clashing with each other. However, the United States and Great Britain, avoiding direct confrontation with the other side, finally succeeded to make the Soviet Union agree on issuing Potsdam Declaration against Japan in July 26, 1943 after the July meeting in Potsdam, which was attended by Three Bid Heads of the United States, Britain and the Soviet Union. The Potsdam meeting reaffirmed the earlier agreement on the tie schedule of Russia's participation in the Pacific war against Japan. But the confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union continued to grow. Therefore, the United States' dropping atomic bombs on Japan in August, 1945 in the wake of imminent Russia's participation in the Pacific war may well be described as a strategy stemming from the American political design to bring Japan under its knees before the Russian participation gained wider political implications.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 目 次
• Ⅰ. 緖 論
• Ⅱ. 「퀘벡」會議와 「모스크바」會議
• Ⅲ. 「카이로」會議와 「카이로」宣言
• Ⅳ. 「테헤란」會議와 「스탈린」의 對日參戰意思表示
• Ⅴ. 「얄타」會議와 戰後世界의 勢力均衡 體制樹立
• Ⅵ. 結 論