고전 로마법상 점유취득의 매개 - D.41.2의 사례를 중심으로 - = Acquisition of Possession per alios in Classical Roman Law

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Acquisition of a corporeal thing includes two legal issues: one is the ownership and the other is the possession. Roman jurists took it for granted that possessio is a controlling of a thing in a material sense, of which the qualifying essence consists either in the sway the owner has over the things owned by him, or a thing of which he as a usucapiens expects to get the ownership in the future within a legally defined time limit of one year for movables and two years for immovables. Roman law treats, thus, only those who possess things with this animus domini or rem sibi habendi as possessors in the proper sense. Others than these are not possessors, but detentores. One gets a possession of a thing not only by himself (per ipsum), but also and very frequently by others (per alios). These other people operating as intermediary to help one get a possession were normally slaves and children who were in one’s potestas, or procuratores who administered one’s various household matters. It was settled clearly, that they may lay hold of a thing for their masters to the effect that their masters become possessores in the legal sense, they merely being in possessione. It is natural that a certain reasonable relationship between them must exist for a just agency. For those in potestas it is nothing other than the patria potestas as the power to protect and control the household. For a procurator it is his officium that he takes over to his principal and otherwise a representation in his principal’s name. It was negligible for free Roman citizens other than procurators or guests and near friends in certain circumstances to go between. For them the law of negotiorum gestio applied. There was a ius singulare that masters gain possession of the things their subjects take hold of without their knowing the fact of apprehension when the things are seized peculiari nomine. In normal cases they possess even though ignorantes. At times Roman jurists based their argumentation on the utilitas when their solutions did not seem to be congruent in terms of strict logic to the very nature of possessio they originally defined.
In this paper I review most relevant legal sources, esp. D.41.2 and D.41.1, and read them systematically to reach a reasonable and sensible interpretation on the whole. The result is that we now have a new harmonious picture of Roman law of possession which has been harassing generations of legal researchers. Roman jurists were successful in solving possessory problems they encounter by strictly distinguishing between acquisition of real possession (D.41.2) and possession for the usucapio (D.41.3). Every thinkable situation was scrutinized by them, reasonably analyzed, and the doctrine was unequivocally formulated. Textual criticism of any kind has no place in that. This study also suggests to the modern jurists how we do legal reasoning in the field of law of possession.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Digesta Iustiniani, "학설휘찬"

2 Hexabiblos, "하르메노풀로스(Harmenopulos) 6권법서"

3 Theophilus, "테오필루스 법학제요 그리스어 義解(Paraphrasis)"

4 Codex Theodosianus, "테오도시우스 칙법집"

5 Codex Iustinianus, "칙법휘찬"

6 Epitome Ulpiani, "울피아누스 초록"

7 번스타인, 윌리엄, "부의 탄생" 시아 2017

8 정동호, "법학제요 Gaius Institutiones" 세창출판사 2017

9 Institutiones Iustiniani, "법학제요"

10 최병조, "법률관계를 고찰하는 양대 관점－의무중심적 고찰과 권리중심적 고찰－" 59 (59): 2018

11 Fragmenta Vaticana, "바티칸 단편"

12 Bas. Supplem. II, "바실리카법전 補遺本 II"

13 Bas. Supplem. I, "바실리카법전 補遺本 I"

14 Basilica, "바실리카법전"

15 최병조, "로마의 법과 생활" 경인문화사 2007

16 최병조, "로마법의 향연" 도서출판 길 2019

17 최병조, "로마법연구(I) : 법학의 원류를 찾아서" 서울대학교출판부 1995

18 최병조, "로마법상의 사무관리 : 학설휘찬 제3권 제5장 역주" 서울대학교출판부 2001

19 이상훈, "로마법상 점유의 취득과 상실 －D.41.2 De adquirenda velamittenda possessione를 중심으로－" 한국법사학회 (63) : 169-215, 2021

20 이상훈, "로마법상 점유의 개념: 문제맥락에 따른 구별" 법학연구소 62 (62): 39-83, 2021

21 이상훈, "로마법상 변제와 변제수령 －Paulus D.12.6.6을 중심으로－" 한국법사학회 (58) : 273-308, 2018

22 최병조, "로마법강의" 박영사 1999

23 최병조, "로마법⋅민법논고" 박영사 1999

24 현승종, "로마법" 일조각 1987

25 현승종, "로마법" 박영사 1996

26 "라틴-한글사전" 가톨릭대학교 1995

27 Gai Institutiones, "가이우스 법학원론"

28 彼德罗, "罗马法教科书" 中国政法大学出版社 2005

29 周枏, "罗马法原论 上冊" 商务印书馆有限公司 2009

30 Pauli Sententiae, "僞파울루스 견해록"

31 江南義之, "『學說彙纂』の日本語への翻譯 II" 信山社 1992

32 Riccobono, Salvatore, "Zur Terminologie der Besitzverhältnisse (Naturalis possessio, civilis possessio, possessio ad interdicta), Con una introduzione di Giovanni Nicosia (pp.1-6), a cura di Pierangelo Buongiorno" Rivista Diritto Romano

33 Vicat, B. Philip, "Vocabularium Juris Utriusque" Sumtibus Joannis Gravier 1760

34 Wetter, P. van, "Traité de la possession en droit Romain"

35 Eck, Cornelius van, "Theses Juris Controversi, sive Disputationum anniversariarum secundum ordinem Digestorum"

36 Kunkel, Wolfgang, "Theo, Römisches Recht4" Springer-Verlag 1987

37 Buckland, W. W., "The Roman Law of Slavery" AMS Press 1969

38 Watson, Alan, "The Law of Property in the Later Roman Republic" Scientia Verlag 1984

39 Thomas, J. A. C., "The Institutes of Justinian. Text, Translation and Commentary" Oxford: North-Holland Publishing Company 1975

40 Mouritsen, Henrik, "The Freedman in the Roman World" Camdbrige University Press 2011

41 Scott, Samuel P, "The Digest or Pandects of Justinian"

42 Watson, Alan, "The Digest of Justinian, Vol. 2" University of Pennsylvania Press 1998

43 Waldstein, Wolfgang, "Testi e problemi del giusnaturalismo romano, a cura di Dario Mantovani e Aldo Schiavone" IUSS Press 2007

44 Indra, Miriam, "Status quaestio. Studien zum Freiheitsprozess im klassischen römischen Recht" Duncker & Humblot 2011

45 Gamauf, Richard, "Slaves doing business: the role of Roman law in the economy of a Roman household" 16 (16): 2009

46 Wacke, Andreas, "Sklaverei und Freilassung im römischen Recht. Symposium für Hans Josef Wieling zum 70. Geburtstag" Springer 2006

47 Klingenberg, Georg, "Sklaverei und Freilassung im römischen Recht. Symposium für Hans Josef Wieling zum 70. Geburtstag" Springer 2006

48 Walker, Bryan, "Selected Titles from The Digest. De adquirendo rerum dominio and De adquirenda vel amittenda possessione. Digest XLI. I. and II" At the University Press 1880

49 Kaser, Max, "Römische Privatrecht22" C. H. Beck 2021

50 Flume, Werner, "Rechtsakt und Rechtsverhältnis. Römische Jurisprudenz und modernrechtliches Denken"

51 Horak, Franz, "Rationes decidendi. Entscheidungsbegründungen bei den älteren römischen Juristen bis Labeo" Universität Innsbruck 1969

52 Hamilton, John T, "Procuratores. On the Limits of Caring for Another" 170 : 7-22, 2015

53 Westenberg, Joannes Ortwin, "Principia Juris secundum Ordinem Digestorum seu Pandectarum"

54 Günther, Chr. Aug., "Principia Iuris Romani Privati Novissimi, Tomus I"

55 Harke, Jan Dirk, "Precarium. Besitzvertrag im römischen Recht" Duncker & Humbolt 2016

56 Pothier, R. J., "Pandectae Justinianeae in novum ordinem digestae cum Legibus Codicis"

57 Lenel, Otto, "Palingenesia Iuris Civilis, Vol. I; Vol. II" Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt 1960

58 Donellus, Hugo, "Opera omnia. Commentariorum de Jure civili, Tomus Primus, cum notis Osualdi Hilligeri"

59 Duarenus, Franciscus, "Opera omnia, Volum secundum"

60 Wolf, Joseph Georg, "Neue Rechtsurkunde aus Pompeji. Tabulae Pompeianae Novae, 2" Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft 2012

61 Leyser, Augustin, "Meditationes ad Pandectas, Vol. VII"

62 Dirksen, Henricus Eduardus, "Manuale Latinitatis Fontium Iuris Civilis Romanorum" Impensis Dunckeri et Humblotii 1837

63 Lambrini, Paola, "L’elemento soggettivo nelle situazioni possessorie del diritto romano classico"

64 Harke, Jan Dirk, "Liber homo bona fide serviens und Vertragsgeltung im klassischen römischen Recht" 52 : 2005

65 Forcellini, Aegidio, "Lexicon Totius Latinitatis, Tom. IV" Arnaldus Forni Excudebat Bononiae/Gregoriana Edente Patavii 1965

66 Hulot, M., "Les cinquante livres du DIGESTE ou des PANDECTES de l’Empereur Justinien, Tome Sixième"

67 Brósz, Robert, "Les changements sémantiques du mot《colonus》 dans les sources du droit romain, Annales U. Sci. Budapestinensis Rolando Eotvos 1"

68 Gaurier, Dominique, "Les 50 Livres du Digeste de l’Empereur Justinien, Volume II"

69 Giaro, Tomasz, "Knowledge of Law as Knowledge of Facts. The Roman Experience, Roman law and Legal Knowldge. Studies in Memory of Henryk Kupiszewski"

70 Nicosia, Giovanni, "Introduzione"

71 Noodt, Gerardus, "In Digestorum Libros XXVIII－L"

72 Eckardt, Bernd, "Iavoleni Epistulae" Duncker & Humblot 1978

73 Bretone, Mario, "I fondamenti del diritto romano. Le cose e la natura"

74 Babusiaux, Ulrike, "Funktionen der Etymologie in der juristischen Literatur" 2014

75 Sirks, Boudewijn, "Festschrift für Rolf Knütel zum 70. Geburtstag, herausgegeben von Holger Altmeppen" C.F. Müller Verlag 2009

76 Kleiter, Tobias, "Entscheidungskorrekturen mit unbestimmter Wertung durch die klassische römische Jurisprudenz" C. H. Beck 2010

77 Heineccius, Io. Gottlieb, "Elementa Iuris Civilis secundum ordinem Pandectarum, juxta nonam editionem Magdebutr. anni 1764"

78 Schulz, Fritz, "Einführung in das Studium der Digesten"

79 Kränzlein, Arnold, "Eigentum und Besitz im griechischen Recht des fünften und vieten Jahrhunderts v. Chr" Duncker & Humblot 1963

80 Manthe, Ulrich, "Die libri ex Cassio des Iavolenus Priscus" Duncker & Humblot 1982

81 Maifeld, Jan, "Die aequitas bei L. Neratius Priscus" Wissenschaftlicher Verlag 1991

82 Behrends, Okko, "Die Prokuratur des klassischen römischen Zivilrechts" 88 : 1971

83 Schmidt, Adolf, "Die Persönlichkeit des Sklaven nach römischem Recht"

84 Jhering, Rudolf von, "Der Besitzwille. Zugleich eine Kritik der herrschenden juristischen Methode"

85 Kniep, Ferdinand, "Der Besitz des Bürgerlichen Gestzbuches gegenübergestellt dem römischen und germanischen Recht"

86 Kaser, Max, "Das römische Zivilprozessrecht2" C. H. Beck 1996

87 Kaser, Max, "Das römische Privatrecht II2" C. H. Beck 1975

88 Kaser, Max, "Das römische Privatrecht I2" C. H. Beck 1971

89 Lipsius, Justus Hermann, "Das attische Recht und Rechtsverfahren, 3 Bde. in I Band" Georg Olms Verlag 1984

90 Savigny, Friedrich Carl von, "Das Recht des Besitzes, Siebente, aus dem Nachlasse des Verfassers und durch Zusätze des Herausgebers vermehrte Auflage von Adolf Friedrich Rudorff"

91 Bechmann, August, "Das Ius Postliminii und die Lex Cornelia"

92 Otto-Schilling-Sintenis, "Das Corpus Juris Civilis in’s Deutsche übersetzt von einem Vereine Rechtsgelehrter, Vierter Band"

93 Choe, Byoung Jo, "Culpa in contrahendo bei Rudolph von Jhering" Verlag Otto Schwartz & Co 1988

94 Foramiti, Francesco, "Corpo del Diritto Civile, Vol. II"

95 Brunnemann, Iohannes, "Commentarius in Quinquaginta Libros Pandectarum"

96 Voet, Johannes, "Commentarius ad Pandectas, II"

97 Zoesius, Henricus, "Commentarius ad Digestorum seu Pandectarum Juris Civilis Libros L"

98 Schulz, Fritz, "Classical Roman Law" At the Clarendon Press 1954

99 정병호, "Celsus의 通過取得理論" 한국법사학회 (22) : 85-116, 2000

100 Liebs, Detlef, "Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt, II. Prinzipat 15. Band" Walter de Gruyter 1976

101 Boulvert, Gérard, "Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt, II. Prinzipat 14. Band" Walter de Gruyter 1982

102 Wolff, Hans Julius, "Arnold Kränzlein, Eigentum und Besitz im griechischen Recht des 5. und 4. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. Berliner Juristische Abhandlungen, Heft 8. Duncker und Humblot, Berlin 1963. 188 S" 81 : 1963

103 Watson, Alan, "Acquisition of Possession und Usucapion Per Servos et Filios" 78 : 2-, 1962

104 Frier, Bruce W, "A Casebook on Roman Family Law" Oxford University Press 2004

105 Honsell, Heinrich, "7., ergänzte und aktualisierte Auflage" Springer Verlag 2010