Individual and family development : a life-span interdisciplinary approach

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Preface = xiii
• PART ONE: FOUNDATIONS = 1
• 1 Introduction = 2
• ABOUT INDIVIDUALS = 3
• Why Study Individuals? = 4
• The Field of Human Development = 4
• ABOUT FAMILIES = 5
• Why Study Families? = 7
• The Field of Family Studies = 8
• STUDY GUIDE = 9
• SELF-QUIZ = 9
• 2 Perspectives on Individuals = 10
• WHAT IS DEVELOPMENT? = 12
• HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES ON DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES = 13
• Preformationism = 13
• Maturationism = 14
• Environmentalism = 16
• Nature versus Nuture = 17
• Interactionism = 18
• HOW DOES DEVELOPMENT OCCUR? = 19
• Principles af Developmental Changes = 19
• Predictability of Developmental Changes = 19
• Rate of Developmental Changes = 23
• TYPES OF DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES = 25
• Changes in Size = 25
• Changes in Body Shape and Proportions = 26
• Changes in Functions and Features = 26
• HOW ARE DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES STUDIED? = 27
• Basic Research Designs = 27
• D ata Collection Methods = 29
• WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES? = 33
• STUDY GUIDE = 34
• SELF-QUIZ = 35
• 3 Theories of Change = 36
• WHY IS THEORY USED TO STUDY CHANGE? = 37
• HOW DO THEORIES DESCRIBE DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES? = 38
• LEARNING THEORIES = 41
• Classical Conditioning = 42
• Operant Conditioning = 42
• Social Learning Theory = 43
• Implications = 43
• PSYCHOSOCIAL EXPLANATIONS = 44
• Psychoanalytical Theory of Sigmund Freud = 45
• Erikson's Psychosocial Theory = 49
• Implications = 56
• COGNITION = 57
• Basic Concepts = 57
• Stages of Cognitive Development = 59
• Implications = 61
• HUMANISTIC EXPLANATIONS = 61
• Maslow's Concepts = 61
• Roger's Concepts = 62
• Implications = 63
• EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATION = 64
• Ethology = 64
• Sociobiology = 65
• Implications = 65
• COMPARING THEORIES OF CHANGE = 66
• STUDY GUIDE = 67
• SELF-QUIZ = 69
• 4 Perspectives on Families = 70
• WHY DO WE HAVE FAMILIES? = 72
• Conceptions of Families = 72
• Family Functions = 74
• WHAT IS THE NATURE OF FAMILIES? = 76
• The Family as a Social System = 76
• Basic Family System Concepts = 76
• HOW DO FAMILIES EXPERIENCE DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGE? = 80
• The Family Life Career (Cycle) = 80
• WHAT ARE FAMILIES LIKE TODAY? = 84
• Diversity as a Characteristic of Contemporary Families = 84
• Single-parent Families = 85
• Blended Families = 86
• Families with Renested Adult Children = 88
• Generational-inverse Families = 88
• Homosexual Families = 89
• Voluntary Childless Families = 92
• Singles = 94
• Features of Contemporary Families = 95
• STUDY GUIDE = 101
• SELF-QUIZ = 102
• PART TWO: PROCESSES = 105
• 5 Development before Birth = 106
• CHARACTERITICS OF PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT = 108
• BIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS = 109
• Human Reproduction = 109
• Genetic Foundations = 114
• Interactions between Heredity and Environment = 118
• STAGES OF PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT = 119
• Determining Pregnancy = 119
• Embryonic Development = 120
• Fetal Development = 123
• CRITICAL FACTORS OF PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT = 124
• Age of the Mother = 124
• Nutrition in Pregnanacy = 125
• Drugs and Chemical Agents = 126
• Infectious Diseases = 127
• Metabolic Disorders = 128
• Blood Incompatibility = 128
• COMPLICATIONS OF PREGNANCY = 129
• Extrauterine Pregnancy = 129
• Hemorrhage = 129
• Miscarriage = 129
• Toxemia = 129
• TRENDS IN PRENATAL CARE = 130
• Prenatal Diagnostic Methods = 130
• REACTIONS TO PREGNANCY = 132
• STUDY GUIDE = 133
• SELF-QUIZ = 134
• 6 Birth and the Newborn = 136
• THE BIRTH PROCESS = 138
• Labor = 139
• Delivery = 139
• Afterbirth = 140
• The Apgar Score at Birth = 142
• Types of Delivery = 142
• COMPLICATIONS OF BIRTH = 146
• Anoxia = 147
• Low Birth Weight and Prematurity = 147
• Postpartum Depression of the Mother = 148
• OUTCOMES OF THE BIRTH EXPERIENCE = 149
• THE NEWBORN = 150
• Characteristics of the Neonate = 150
• WHAT ADJUSTMENTS MUST NEWBORNS MAKE? = 151
• Respiration = 151
• Blood Circulation = 152
• Body Temperture Regulation = 152
• Digestion and Elimination = 152
• HOW DOES A NEWBORN BEHAVE? = 153
• Reflexes = 153
• The Senses at Birth = 155
• The Sleep-Wake Cycle = 157
• The Ability to Learn = 157
• INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES AMONG NEONATES = 159
• THE TRANSITION TO PARENTHOOD = 160
• Do I Want to Be a Parent? = 160
• Parenthood Motivations = 161
• The "Parenthood as Crisis" Studies = 162
• STUDY GUIDE = 164
• SELF-QUIZ = 166
• 7 Infancy = 168
• CHARACTERISTICS OF INFANCY = 170
• Developmental Tasks = 171
• PHYSICAL CHANGES = 172
• Growth Patterns in Infancy = 173
• Basic Motor and Perceptual Skills = 176
• Health Concerns in Infancy = 181
• SOCIAL AND MENTAL CHANGES = 185
• Critical Periods and Early Experience = 186
• Attachment = 187
• Emerging Emotional Expression = 189
• Establishing Basic Trust = 190
• Acquiring a Sense of Autonomy = 191
• Emerging Cognitive Competencies = 193
• Current Views about Infant Cognition = 197
• language Skills = 198
• THE FAMILY SYSTEM AT THE CHILDBEARING STAGE = 202
• The Costs of Childbearing = 203
• How Do Children Affect a Committed Relationship? = 204
• Defining Parenthood and Childrearing = 206
• How Many Children Should We Have? = 208
• Mothers and Fathers: Are There Differences? = 211
• Learning to Parent = 212
• Nonparental Care for Infants: Is It OK? = 213
• Adapting to Change and Crisis as a Family System = 215
• Grief and Loss: Coping with Miscarriage, Stillbirth, and SIDS = 219
• STUDY GUIDE = 221
• SELF-QUIZ = 223
• 8 Early Childhood = 226
• CHARACTERISTICS OF EARLY CHILDHOOD = 228
• Developmental Tasks = 229
• PHYSICAL CHANGES = 231
• Height and Weight Changes = 231
• Body Proportions and Appearance = 232
• The Brain and Central Nervous System = 233
• Muscle and Bone Growth = 234
• Teeth = 234
• Perceptual Skills = 234
• Motor Skills = 235
• Preschool Children's Art = 236
• Nutrition = 239
• Illness = 240
• Accidents and Injuries = 240
• SOCIAL AND MENTAL CHANGES = 241
• Developing a Sense of Initiative = 241
• Early Socialization Experiences = 243
• Play = 247
• Language Skills = 249
• How Do Young Children Think? = 251
• How Do Young Children Process Information? = 256
• THE FAMILY SYSTEM AT THE PRESCHOOL CHILD STAGE = 256
• Characteristics of Preschool-age Child Families = 257
• Meeting Adults' Personal Needs = 257
• Defining Child-rearing Goals and Parenting Styles = 259
• Developing Rules for the Family System = 264
• Learning to Be a Sibling = 264
• Using Supplemental Child Care = 266
• STUDY GUIDE = 270
• SELF-QUIZ = 271
• 9 Middle Childhood = 274
• CHARACTERISTICS OF MIDDLE CHILDHOOD = 276
• PHYSICAL CHANGES = 278
• What Growth Patterns Occur in Middle Childhood? = 278
• Body Configuration = 279
• Dentition = 280
• Bone Development = 280
• Muscle Development = 281
• Motor Skills = 281
• Nutrition = 282
• Health = 284
• SOCIAL AND MENTAL CHANGES = 285
• Developing a Sense of Industry = 287
• Social Cognition = 288
• Why Are Peers Important? = 291
• What Is the Nature of Play in Middle Childhood? = 295
• How Do School-age Children Think? = 296
• How Do School-age Children Process Information? = 299
• Are There Cultural or Ethnic Differences in Cognitive Abilities? = 301
• School Experiences = 302
• How Does Moral Development Occur? = 305
• THE FAMILY SYSTEM AT THE SCHOOL-AGE CHILD STAGE = 309
• How Does a Woman's Employment Affect the family? = 310
• How Do Parenting Patterns Change? = 312
• How Does a Committed Relationship Change? = 315
• How Does Divorce Affect a familly System? = 316
• How Do School-age Children Cope with stress? = 323
• STUDY GUIDE = 325
• SELF-QUIZ = 327
• 10 Adolescence = 330
• CHARACTERISTICS OF ADOLESCENCE = 333
• Developmental Tasks = 334
• PHYSICAL CHANGES = 335
• The Adolescent Growth Spurt = 335
• Sexual Maturation = 337
• Health Concerns = 343
• Nutrition = 343
• Drug Use = 345
• Suicide = 347
• Sexually Transmitted Diseases = 347
• Pregnancy = 348
• SOCIAL AND MENTAL CHANGES = 351
• How Do Teens Acquire a Sense of Identity? = 352
• Relating to Peers and Friends = 355
• Becoming Emancipated = 358
• Cognitive Changes = 362
• Developing a Moral Philosophy = 365
• THE FAMILY SYSTEM AT THE SECONDARY SCHOOL-AGE CHILD STAGE = 368
• What Is the Nature of parent-adolescent Relations? = 369
• Meeting Adult Personal Needs = 374
• Redefining a Committed Relationship = 375
• Creating a New Family System = 377
• STUDY GUIDE = 379
• SELF-QUIZ = 380
• 11 Early Adulthood = 382
• CHARACTERISTICS OF EARLY ADULTHOOD = 384
• What Is Expected Developmentally during Adulthood? = 384
• What Does Maturity Mean? = 385
• How Do New Theories Describe Adulthood? = 385
• PHYSICAL CHANGES = 391
• Weight and Height Changes = 391
• The Senses = 392
• The Teeth = 392
• The Cardiovascular System = 392
• The Lungs = 393
• The Skin = 393
• Muscular Strength = 393
• Factors Influencing Health = 394
• SOCIAL AND MENTAL CHANGES = 396
• What Psychosocial Changes Occur in Early Adulthood? = 396
• Adult Friendship Patterns = 399
• Establishing a Life Style = 400
• The World of Work = 406
• Does Cognition Change in Early Adulthood? = 411
• THE FAMILY SYSTEM AT THE YOUNG ADULT STAGE = 412
• Challenges for Families with Young Adults = 413
• Challenges for Renested Families = 414
• When Parents or Adult Children Won't Lei Go = 415
• Establishing a Family of Procreation: The Newly Established Couple Stage = 417
• What Is the Nature of Love? = 418
• Why Do We Marry? = 420
• Types of Committed Relationships = 420
• STUDY GUIDE = 422
• SELF-QUIZ = 424
• 12 Middle Adulthood = 426
• CHARACTERISTICS OF MIDDLE ADULTHOOD = 427
• Midlife Crisis or Midlife Transition? = 428
• Developmental tasks of Middle Adulthood = 430
• PHYSICAL CHANGES = 431
• Theories of Biological Aging = 432
• Changes in Weight and Height = 434
• Changes in Skin Tissue = 434
• The Senses = 435
• The Teeth and Skeletal system = 435
• The Cardiorascular System = 436
• The Digestive System = 437
• The Reproductive System = 437
• Health Status at Midlife = 438
• SOCIAL AND MENTAL CHANGES = 439
• Self-concept and Personality at Midlife = 439
• Midlife Friendship Patterns = 442
• Work Roles = 443
• Cognitive Changes = 443
• THE FAMILY SYSTEM DURING THE MIDDLE-AGE YEARS = 445
• Developmental Tasks of the Middle-aged Family System = 445
• STUDY GUIDE = 451
• SELF-QUIZ = 453
• 13 Late Adulthood = 454
• CHARACTERISTICS OF LATE ADULTHOOD = 456
• Stereotypes about the Elderly = 456
• Age Divisions in Late Adulthood = 457
• Developmental Tasks of Late Adulthood = 459
• PHYSICAL CHANGES = 459
• Weight and Height Changes = 461
• Sensory Changes = 461
• The Teeth = 462
• The Muscular and Skeletal Systems = 462
• The Cardiovascular System = 462
• The Respiratory System = 463
• The Digestive System = 463
• The Genitourinary System = 464
• The Brain and Central Nervous System = 464
• Health, Diet, and Exercise = 467
• SOCIAL AND MENTAL CHANGES = 469
• Theories of Adjustment to Aging = 469
• Psychosocial Change = 470
• Adjusting to Retirement = 472
• Sexuality of the Elderly = 474
• Aging among Minority and Ethnic Groups = 475
• Cognitive Changes = 476
• THE FAMILY SYSTEM AT THE AGING FAMILY STAGE = 478
• A New Family Form = 478
• Later-life Marriage = 481
• Living Arrangements = 482
• Institutionalization = 483
• STUDY GUIDE = 484
• SELF-QUIZ = 486
• 14 Dying and Death = 488
• WHAT IS DEATH? = 490
• Definitions = 490
• Dying as a Developmental Task = 491
• Causes of Death = 493
• LIFE-SPAN PERSPECTIVES ON DYING AND DEATH = 495
• Attitudes about Dying and Death = 495
• Life-span Changes in Attitudes about Dying = 495
• THE PROCESS OF DYING = 498
• Factors Affecting the Dying Process = 498
• Stages of Dying = 500
• Near-death Experiences = 501
• The Life Review = 503
• Suicide = 503
• THE MANAGEMENT OF DYING AND DEATH = 509
• The Right to Be Informed = 509
• The Right to Die = 509
• Caring for the Dying = 511
• GRIEF, MOURNING, AND BEREAVEMENT = 512
• The Experience of Grief and Loss = 512
• Factors Affecting the Grief Process = 514
• Grief Therapy = 516
• STUDY GUIDE = 517
• SELF-QUIZ = 518
• Key Terms and Concepts = 519
• Answers to Self Quiz = 529
• References = 547
• Photo Credits = 581
• Name Index = 583
• Subject Index = 593