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      Top-executives Compensation: The Role of Corporate Ownership Structure in Japan

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      https://www.riss.kr/link?id=A103800799

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      다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

      This paper explores the impact of corporate control, measured by ownership structure, on top-executives’ compensation in Japan. According to agency theory, the pay-performance link is expected to be affected by the firm’s ownership structure. Using a sample of 4,411 firm-year observations (401 firms for the 11-years period from 2001 to 2011) for Japanese non-financial firms publicly traded on the first section and second section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange (TSE), this study demonstrates that institutional ownership (both financial and corporate) is negatively related to the level of executives’ compensation. Such finding is in line with efficient monitoring hypothesis which claims that the presence of institutional shareholders provides direct monitoring over managers, limits managerial self-dealing and curves the increase in top-executives pay. On the other hand, the results also show that managerial ownership is positively related to their compensation which supports managerial power theory hypothesis, i.e. management-controlled firms are more likely to extract more compensation from the business than other firms. Overall, this study confirms that corporate control has significant impact on cash compensation paid to Japanese top-executives after controlling the conventional pay-performance relationship.
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      This paper explores the impact of corporate control, measured by ownership structure, on top-executives’ compensation in Japan. According to agency theory, the pay-performance link is expected to be affected by the firm’s ownership structure. Usin...

      This paper explores the impact of corporate control, measured by ownership structure, on top-executives’ compensation in Japan. According to agency theory, the pay-performance link is expected to be affected by the firm’s ownership structure. Using a sample of 4,411 firm-year observations (401 firms for the 11-years period from 2001 to 2011) for Japanese non-financial firms publicly traded on the first section and second section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange (TSE), this study demonstrates that institutional ownership (both financial and corporate) is negatively related to the level of executives’ compensation. Such finding is in line with efficient monitoring hypothesis which claims that the presence of institutional shareholders provides direct monitoring over managers, limits managerial self-dealing and curves the increase in top-executives pay. On the other hand, the results also show that managerial ownership is positively related to their compensation which supports managerial power theory hypothesis, i.e. management-controlled firms are more likely to extract more compensation from the business than other firms. Overall, this study confirms that corporate control has significant impact on cash compensation paid to Japanese top-executives after controlling the conventional pay-performance relationship.

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      목차 (Table of Contents)

      • 1. Introduction
      • 2. Theoretical Background and HypothesesDevelopment
      • 3. Research Design
      • 3.1. Basic Equation
      • 3. 2. Empirical Models
      • 1. Introduction
      • 2. Theoretical Background and HypothesesDevelopment
      • 3. Research Design
      • 3.1. Basic Equation
      • 3. 2. Empirical Models
      • 3.3. Variable Descriptions
      • 3.3.1. Dependent Variable: ExecutiveCompensation (COMP)
      • 3.3.2. Research Variable: Corporate Performance(EARN)
      • 3.3.3. Research Variable: Corporate Control
      • 3.3.4. Control Variables
      • 3.4. Sample Selection and Source of Data
      • 4. Empirical Results and Discussion
      • 4.1. Descriptive Statistics and Collinearity Results
      • 4.2. Regression Results
      • 4.3. Robustness and Further Analysis
      • 5. Summary and Conclusion
      • References
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      참고문헌 (Reference)

      1 Kaplan, S. N., "Top executive rewards and firm performance: A comparison of Japan and The U.S" 102 (102): 510-546, 1994

      2 Mitsudome, T., "The relation between changes in CEO compensation and firm performance: A Japanese/American comparison" 22 : 605-619, 2008

      3 Del Guercio, D., "The motivation and impact of pension fund activism" 52 : 293-340, 1999

      4 Cubbin, J., "The effect of shareholding dispersion on the degree of control in British companies: Theory and measurement" 93 : 353-369, 1983

      5 Williamson, O. E., "The economics of discretionary behavior: Managerial objectives in a theory of a firm" Prentice-Hall 1964

      6 Knop, N., "The Impact of ownership and board structure on CEO compensation in the Netherlands"

      7 Joh, S. W., "Strategic Managerial Incentive Compensation in Japan: Relative Performance Evaluation and Product Market Collusion" 81 : 303-313, 1999

      8 Thompson, S. B., "Simple formulas for standard errors that cluster by both firm and time" 99 : 1-10, 2011

      9 Lazear, E. P., "Salaries and piece rates" 59 (59): 405-431, 1986

      10 Cameron, A. C., "Robust Inference with Multi-Way Clustering" 29 (29): 238-249, 2011

      1 Kaplan, S. N., "Top executive rewards and firm performance: A comparison of Japan and The U.S" 102 (102): 510-546, 1994

      2 Mitsudome, T., "The relation between changes in CEO compensation and firm performance: A Japanese/American comparison" 22 : 605-619, 2008

      3 Del Guercio, D., "The motivation and impact of pension fund activism" 52 : 293-340, 1999

      4 Cubbin, J., "The effect of shareholding dispersion on the degree of control in British companies: Theory and measurement" 93 : 353-369, 1983

      5 Williamson, O. E., "The economics of discretionary behavior: Managerial objectives in a theory of a firm" Prentice-Hall 1964

      6 Knop, N., "The Impact of ownership and board structure on CEO compensation in the Netherlands"

      7 Joh, S. W., "Strategic Managerial Incentive Compensation in Japan: Relative Performance Evaluation and Product Market Collusion" 81 : 303-313, 1999

      8 Thompson, S. B., "Simple formulas for standard errors that cluster by both firm and time" 99 : 1-10, 2011

      9 Lazear, E. P., "Salaries and piece rates" 59 (59): 405-431, 1986

      10 Cameron, A. C., "Robust Inference with Multi-Way Clustering" 29 (29): 238-249, 2011

      11 Schmid, F. A., "Remuneration of Management and Shareholder Structure" 1 : 67-83, 1997

      12 Sakawa, H., "Relation between Top Executive Compensation Structure and Corporate Governance: Evidence from Japanese Public Disclosed Data" 20 (20): 593-608, 2012

      13 Grabke-Rundell, A., "Power as a determinant of executive compensation" 12 : 3-23, 2002

      14 Bebchuk, L. A., "Pay without performance: The unfilled promise of executive compensation" Harvard University Press 2004

      15 Davies, J. R., "Ownership structure, managerial behaviour and corporate value" 11 : 645-660, 2005

      16 Cho, M-H., "Ownership structure, investment and the corporate value: An empirical analysis" 47 : 103-121, 1998

      17 Haid, A., "Ownership structure and executive compensation in Germany"

      18 Hair, J. F., Jr, "Multivariate Data Analysis" Prentice Hall 1998

      19 Bebchuk, L. A., "Managerial power and rent extraction in the design of executive compensation" 69 : 751-846, 2002

      20 Shuto, A., "Managerial ownership and accounting conservatism in Japan: A test of management entrenchment effect" 37 (37): 815-840, 2010

      21 Goergen, M., "Managerial compensation" 17 : 1068-1077, 2011

      22 Ferris, S. P., "Managerial Power in the Design of Executive Compensation: Evidence from Japan" 12 : 3-26, 2007

      23 Boyd, B. K., "International Developments in Executive Compensation" 20 (20): 511-518, 2012

      24 Khan, R., "Institutional ownership and CEO compensation : a longitudinal examination" 58 : 1078-1088, 2005

      25 Hartzell, J. C., "Institutional investors and executive compensation" 58 : 2351-2374, 2003

      26 Dong, M., "Institutional investors and director pay : An empirical study of UK companies" 18 : 16-29, 2008

      27 Firth, M., "How ownership and corporate governance influence chief executive pay in China's listed firms" 60 : 776-785, 2007

      28 Diamond, D. W., "Financial intermediation and delegated monitoring" 51 : 393-414, 1984

      29 Scott, W. R., "Financial Accounting Theory" Pearson Prentice Hall 2012

      30 Xu, P., "Executive salaries as tournament prizes and executive bonuses as managerial incentives in Japan" 11 : 319-346, 1997

      31 Cosh, A. D., "Executive remuneration, executive dismissal and institutional shareholding" 15 : 469-492, 1997

      32 Abe, N., "Executive pay in Japan: The role of bank-appointed monitors and the Main Bank relationship" 17 : 371-394, 2005

      33 Mehran, H., "Executive compensation structure, ownership, and firm performance" 38 (38): 163-184, 1995

      34 Shuto, A., "Executive compensation and earnings management: Empirical evidence from Japan" 16 : 1-26, 2007

      35 Agrawal, A., "Executive compensation and corporate performance in Electric and Gas utilities" 20 (20): 113-124, 1991

      36 Conyon, M. J., "Executive compensation and corporate governance in China" 17 : 1158-1175, 2011

      37 Elston, J. A., "Executive compensation and agency costs in Germany" 27 : 1391-1410, 2003

      38 Sakawa, H., "Executive Compensation and Firm Performance in Japan: The Role of Bankappointed Monitors" Osaka University 2008

      39 Gallagher, D. R., "Do institutional investors really monitor executive compensation?" University of New South Wales 2005

      40 Ozkan, N., "Do corporate governance mechanisms influence CEO compensation? An empirical investigation of UK companies" 17 : 349-364, 2007

      41 Bertrand, M., "Do CEOs set their own pay? The ones without principals do" NBER 2000

      42 Uchida, K., "Determinants of stock option use by Japanese companies" 15 (15): 251-269, 2006

      43 Tokyo Stock Exchange, "Corporate ownership survey" 2011

      44 Basu, S. L., "Corporate governance, top executive compensation, and firm performance in Japan" 15 : 56-79, 2007

      45 Ang, J. S., "Compensation and Performance : The Case of Japanese Managers and Directors" 7 : 275-304, 1997

      46 Kato, T., "Chief executive Compensation and corporate groups in Japan : New evidence from micro data" 15 (15): 455-467, 1997

      47 Jensen, M. C., "CEO incentives—it’s not how much you pay, but how" 22 (22): 64-76, 2010

      48 Kato, T., "CEO compensation and firm performance in Japan : Evidence from new panel data on individual CEO pay" 20 : 1-19, 2006

      49 Kato, H. K., "An empirical examination of the costs and benefits of executive stock options: Evidence from Japan" 78 : 435-461, 2005

      50 Almazan, A., "Active institutional shareholders and costs of monitoring : Evidence from executive Compensation" 34 (34): 5-34, 2005

      51 Monsen, R. J., "A theory of large managerial firms" 73 (73): 231-236, 1965

      52 White, H., "A heteroskedasticity-consistent covariance matrix estimator and a direct test for heteroskedasticity" 48 : 817-838, 1980

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      2021-12-01 평가 등재 탈락 (해외등재 학술지 평가)
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      2018-04-01 평가 SCOPUS 등재 (기타) KCI등재
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