Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have garnered significant attention as a promising clean energy source capable of replacing fossil fuels, owing to their high energy density, efficiency, and relatively low operating temperatures. Among...
Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have garnered significant attention as a promising clean energy source capable of replacing fossil fuels, owing to their high energy density, efficiency, and relatively low operating temperatures. Among various PEMFC configurations, open-cathode (air-cooled) fuel cells stand out due to their simplified design, which leverages ambient air directly as the oxidant and cooling medium. This simplification substantially reduces system complexity, weight, and volume, making open-cathode PEMFCs particularly attractive for urban air mobility, drones, and portable power applications. However, the absence of dedicated humidification and thermal management components in open-cathode PEMFCs introduces substantial challenges related to membrane hydration, adequate cathode reactant delivery, and thermal uniformity. Furthermore, the lack of precise environmental control exacerbates performance and temperature non-uniformities within the fuel cell stack, posing additional operational and reliability challenges.
Previous research has attempted to mitigate these issues through the integration of external cooling systems or advanced control methods. Contrarily, this study introduces innovative approaches to optimize cathode flow-field geometry, stack configuration, gravitational orientation, and internal structural modifications, aiming to enhance the performance and uniformity of open-cathode PEMFCs without adding external components or sacrificing their inherent compactness and lightweight advantages.
Firstly, the influence of cathode flow-field geometry on single-cell and stack performance was systematically evaluated by varying the cathode opening ratios (rib width variations) across three designs (50%, 61.25%, and 70%). Single-cell experimental results revealed that higher opening ratios initially resulted in poorer performance at low current densities due to membrane drying, yet demonstrated superior maximum power densities at high current densities due to enhanced reactant availability. In five-cell stack experiments, the intermediate opening ratio configuration exhibited optimal performance by effectively balancing airflow supply and thermal management, outperforming other configurations under typical stack operating conditions. Although higher opening ratios displayed better cooling capabilities, elevated average temperatures in the stack led to membrane dehydration and ultimately diminished performance, highlighting the critical importance of optimizing cathode geometry based on thermal and operational characteristics within the stack.
Secondly, based on the experimental insights, a coupled one-dimensional heat conduction and electrochemical reaction model was developed to predict temperature distribution and electrochemical performance across various five-cell stack configurations. Model predictions were validated experimentally, confirming high accuracy in capturing both temperature distributions and polarization behaviors. A parametric analysis involving 27 stack configurations demonstrated that mixed cathode flow-field designs substantially improved both performance and temperature uniformity compared to uniform configurations. Experimental validation of selected configurations (CCBCC, ABABA, and CAAAC) confirmed the model’s predictions, highlighting the effectiveness of strategically arranged mixed cathode designs. Particularly, the CCBCC configuration emerged as optimal, validating a practical approach to stack optimization through simple and effective numerical modeling.
Thirdly, the effect of gravitational orientation on water management and performance was investigated through systematic experimental studies complemented by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. Experimental results indicated that the configuration where airflow direction aligned with gravitational force exhibited significantly poorer performance due to exacerbated membrane drying, evidenced by elevated high-frequency resistance (HFR) values. CFD simulations revealed distinct droplet dynamics within the cathode channels under varying gravitational orientations, supporting experimental findings by demonstrating rapid water removal under unfavorable orientations. These results confirmed the substantial influence of gravity on water distribution and its critical role in determining performance in open-cathode PEMFCs.
Finally, the insertion of thin metallic mesh between the cathode flow channel and gas diffusion layer (GDL) was explored as an innovative strategy to enhance water retention and electrical contact without negatively affecting airflow. Experiments demonstrated significant performance improvement, with smaller-pore mesh configurations achieving up to 19.1% higher maximum power density compared to cells without mesh insertion. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results indicated that mesh insertion notably improved both membrane hydration and electrical conductivity. Numerical simulations further validated these findings, showing enhanced water saturation within the cell components, particularly for meshes with smaller pores and lower porosity. This innovative approach effectively addresses key performance limitations inherent in open-cathode PEMFC systems.
Overall, this research contributes substantially by presenting novel strategies for resolving critical issues such as membrane dehydration, thermal non-uniformity, and electrical contact resistance in open-cathode PEMFCs. By maintaining the inherent advantages of compactness and reduced complexity, the developed approaches provide practical, scalable solutions that significantly enhance performance, durability, and operational uniformity. Consequently, the findings offer robust guidelines for future design optimizations and advance the commercialization potential of air-cooled PEMFC technology, laying an essential foundation for broader industrial and commercial applications.