現代國語 時制의 體系的 硏究 = A study on the tense system of modern Korean

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This treatise proposes a systemic description and an account of the semantic relation among the Modern Korean prefinal endings, {-□ss-}, {-t□-}, {-n□-}, in terms of the establishment of the dualistic tense system. What was discussed in this treatise is summarized as follows.
'Tense has been defined in its many treatments which relate the time of the situation referred in the sentence to some other times, usually to the moment of speaking. The essential characteristic of the category of tense is that it has to do with time-relations. Tense is, so to speak, the relational category. By its essential characteristic, tense has to have at least more
than two time-points, one of which is the canonical time-point(t_(o)), and the others of which are the time-points related by the former, t_(o).
The Modern Korean tense is dualistic in the sense that it has two time-points which are related to the canonical time-point. One is the time-point of the situation referred to (Situation Time; ST) and the other is the time-point of cognition (Cognition Time; CT). CT is the time-point which the speaker perceives and recognizes the situation referred to in the sentence.
{-t□-} is a tense marker which denotes the temporal relation, 'CT > t_(o) '<t_(i) < t_(j)' stands for that ti is a time-point preceding t_(j). That is, {-t□-} has a meaning that the speaker's cognition of the situation referred to is preceding the canonical time-point (t_(o)), usually the moment of speaking (Utterance Time; UT). {-t□-} doesn't refer directly to ST itself. It presents the anterior cognition of the situation referred to and reserves the speaker's present cognition or assertion about it. In this respect, it produces several effective meanings, for example, 'non-volition', 'irresponsibility' and 'objective conveyance', etc..
{-□ss-} is a tense marker which denotes the temporal relation, 'ST > t_(o)'. That is, {-□ss-} denotes that the occurance time of the situation referred to is preceding t_(o). In principle, it is not to be combined with the future temporal reference adverb (phrase). But, it has sometimes a co-occurance relation with the future adverb (phrase). Such expression of the future situation by{-□ss-} is possible when the speaker imposes the same degree of actuality, factivity or certainty, that we normally accord to the past situations, on the future situation which has not occurred nor is realized in the real world. This use of {-□ss-} should not be discussed on the level of grammar, but on the level of pragmatics.
{-n□-} is a tense marker which denotes the temporal relation, 'ST=CT=UT'. It has several allomorphs as the result of historical change. The allomorphs of {-n□-} are not homogeneous in the sense that their syntagmatic relations with adjective and {-□ss-}, etc. are different from each other. Some of them cannot be combined with adjective and {-□ss-}, but the others can be. The latter is the weakened '-n□,' which losses the denotation of the time relation, 'ST=CT', so that it denotes only 'CT=UT'. The weakened '-n□-' has a tendency to be amalgamated with other morphemes or be deleted, since 'CT=UT' is an entirely unmarked member in the tense system, and the semantically unmarked categories tend to have less morphological material than marked categories.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 目次 = ⅰ
• ABSTRACT = ⅲ
• Ⅰ. 序論 = 1
• Ⅰ.0. 본고의 목적 = 1
• Ⅰ.1. 기존 연구의 문제점과 본고의 입장 = 1
• Ⅰ.2. 時制와 相 = 8
• Ⅱ. ｛-더-｝의 ［認識時의 先時性］ = 11
• Ⅱ.0 假說 = 11
• Ⅱ.1 기존 논의의 검토 = 18
• Ⅱ.1.1. ｛더｝와 回想 作用 = 19
• Ⅱ.1.2. ｛더｝와 基準時點의 移動 現象 = 25
• Ⅱ.1.3. ｛더｝의 주변적 의미들, '객관적 전달' , '무의도성' ,'무책임성' , '신빙성의 결여' = 27
• Ⅱ.1.4. ｛더｝와 '意識의 斷絶' = 28
• Ⅱ.2. 소위｛더｝의 '인칭제약 현상'에 대하여 = 30
• Ⅱ.3. ｛더｝와 시간지시 부사(구)와의 공기 관계 = 38
• Ⅱ.4. 접속문에서의 ｛더｝에 대하여 = 41
• Ⅲ. ｛-었-｝ 의［狀況時의 先諦性］ = 50
• Ⅲ.0. 들어가기 = 50
• Ⅲ.1. ｛었｝完了, 斷續, 完結 = 53
• Ⅲ.2. ｛었｝의 未來的 用法에 대하여 = 57
• Ⅲ.3. '-었었-'에 대하여 = 74
• Ⅲ.4. 접속문에서의 ｛었｝에 대하여 = 85
• Ⅳ. ｛-느-｝의 ［狀況時 및 認識時의 同時性］ = 98
• Ⅳ.0. 들어가기 = 98
• Ⅳ.1. 기존 논의의 검토 = 101
• Ⅳ.2. ｛느｝의 分布 및 그 異形態 = 105
• Ⅳ.3. ｛느｝의 意味機能 = 122
• Ⅳ.3.1. ｛느｝의 結合制約上의 異質性 = 122
• Ⅳ.3.2. ｛느｝의미기능에 대한 假說 = 125
• Ⅳ.3.3. ［ 인식시의 동시성］ = 129
• Ⅳ.3.4. ［상황시의 동시성］ = 130
• Ⅴ. 結論 = 138
• 參考文獻 = 143