내외집단 규범정보가 외현 및 암묵적 편견에 미치는 통제적 영향: 성 편견과 지역 편견을 중심으로 = Perceived In-group and Out-Group Norm Influence Explicit and Implicit Prejudice: In the Sexism and the Regional Prejudice

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Two experiments were performed to test the influence of information of the in-outgroup norms on the sexism(Exp.1) and the regional prejudice(Exp.2). Norms(equal norm advocating the affirmative action for women or Honam people /unequal norm advocating the opposit of the affirmative action for women or Honam people) and the group(ingroup/outgroup) of the participants were manipulated on the internet boards. Dependent variables were the explicit attitude regarding affirmation action policy and the IAT effect. In Exp.1 (N=160) and Exp.2 (N=118), Participants in the ingroup-equal norm condition showed more favorable attitude regarding the affirmative action policy than those in the ingroup-unequal norm condition. Results of the analysis of the IAT effects suggested that male participants in the ingroup-equal norm condition showed significantly less implicit prejudice than those in the ingroup-unequal norm condition. According to the multiple regression mediation analysis, the information of group norm of the ingroup in comparison with that of the outgroup affected the explicit attitudes through the mediation process in which the exposure to the ingroup norm changes the perception of people's tolerance of prejudice expression. However, this mediation effect was found for the implicit attitude measure in the regional prejudice, but not in the sexism. The theoretical and the practical implications of these findings were discussed.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 성 편견(연구1)과 지역편견(연구2)에서 내․외집단 규범정보의 통제적 영향이 외현적 태도뿐만 아니라 암묵적 태도에도 작용하는지를 검토하였다. 연구1(N=160)과 2(N=118)에서, 피험자들은 집단(내집단/외집단)과 규범정보(평등/차별)가 조작된 웹 사이트의 게시판을 읽고, 각각 외현적 편견태도와 암묵적 연합검사(IAT)를 통한 암묵적 편견태도를 측정하였다. 이와 함께 편견표현의 허용규범 지각과 규범적 태도지각의 매개과정을 알아보았다. 그 결과, 외집단과는 달리 내집단조건의 피험자들은 평등규범과 차별규범에 따라 성 평등 및 지역평등을 위한 적극적 조치에 대한 태도에서 유의미한 차이를 보였다. 또한 암묵적 태도에서도 이러한 차이가 유의하였다. 그리고 중다회귀매개분석 결과에 따르면 내집단의 규범정보는 편견표현 허용규범 지각의 매개과정을 거쳐 외현적 태도에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 암묵적 편견태도에 있어서 편견표현 허용규범지각의 매개효과는 지역편견에서만 나타났고, 성 편견에서는 그 경향성만을 확인할 수 있었다. 이 연구결과의 의미와 성 편견 및 지역편견 해소와 관련한 논의가 이루어졌다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 고재홍, "청소년의 음란물 접촉과 잘못된 강간통념 수용간의 매개변인과 조정변인의 역할." 10 (10): 87-105, 2002

2 나은영, "여론정보에 의한 태도변화 대학생 내집단과 일반인 집단의 사회적 지지효과 비교." 9 (9): 69-83, 1995

3 홍영오, "암묵적 연합검사에 의한 지역편견의 측정." 15 (15): 185-204, 2001

4 나은영, "암묵적 연합검사에 의한 지역편견의 강도 측정 및 응용 사투리 음성자극의 효과를 중심으로." 16 (16): 51-74, 2002

5 안상수, "내？외집단 규범정보가 양성평등정책 및 내현적 성편견 태도에 미치는 영향" 한국사회및성격심리학회 17 (17): 51-75, 2003

6 McConahay, "and the modern racism scale. In J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner" Academic Press. 91-125, 1986

7 Greenwald, A. G.,, "Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: I. An improved scoring algorithm." 85 : 197-216, 2003

8 Devine, "Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology" 5-18, 1989

9 Kim, H. S.,, "The effects of ingroup and outgroup norms on the implicit and explicit attitudes toward an affirmative action policy for women." Social psychology, Symposium conducted at meeting of the 28th International Congress of Psychology 2004

10 Haslam, S. A.,, "Stereotyping and social influence: The mediation of stereotype applicability and sharedness by the views of ingroup and outgroup members." 35 : 369-397, 1996

11 Sechrist, G. B.,, "Stereotypes and prejudice as social norms." Lewinian Press. 2002

12 Crandall, C. S.,, "Social norms and the expression and suppression of prejudice The struggle for internalization." 82 : 359-378, 2002

13 Lowery, B. S.,, "Social influence effects on automatic racial prejudice." 81 : 842-855, 2001

14 Olson, M. A.,, "Reducing the influence of extrapersonal association on the Implicit Association Test Personalizing the IAT." 86 : 653-667, 2004

15 Sechrist, G. B.,, "Perceived consensus influences intergroup behavior and stereotype accessibility." 80 : 645-654, 2001

16 Greenwald, A. G.,, "Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition The Implicit Association Test." 74 : 1464-1480, 1998

17 Nosek, B. A.,, "Math ＝ male, me ＝ female, therefore math ≠ me." 83 : 44-59, 2002

18 Kawakami, K.,, "Just say no(to stereotyping): Effects of training in the negation of stereotypic association on stereotype activation" 78 : 871-888, 2000

19 Greenwald, A. G.,, "Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes." 102 : 4-27, 1995

20 Devine, P. G., "Implicit prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components." 81 : 757-759, 2001

21 Martin, "Differential impact upon public and private responses. European Journal of Social Psychology" 39-52, 1988

22 "Creating social reality: Informational social influence and content of stereotypic beliefs." 22 : 598-610, 1996

23 "Changing racial beliefs by providing consensus information." 27 : 486-496, 2001

24 Blair, I. V.,, "Automatic and controlled processes in stereotyp priming." 70 : 1142-1163, 1996

25 Karpinski, A.,, "Attitudes and the Implicit Association Test." 81 : 774-788, 2001

26 Newcomb, "Attitude formation in a student community. New York" 1943

27 Fishbein, "An introduction to theory and research. Reading" 1975

28 Greenwald, A. G.,, "A unified theory of implicit attitudes, stereotypes, self-esteem, and self-concept." 109 : 3-25, 2002

29 Blanchard, "A social context approach to interracial setting. Journal of Applied Psychology" 993-997, 1994

30 Preacher, K. J., ".Calculation for the Sobel Test An interactive calculation tool for mediation tests." 2003.

31 ". The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In S. Worchel & W. G. Austin Psychology of intergroup relations" 7-24, 1986

32 ". The role of ignorance in intergroup relations. In N. Miller & M. B. Brewer Groups in contact The psychology of desegregation" Academic Press. 229-255, 1984

33 M, ". The psychology of social norms. New York" 1936

34 Baron, ". The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology" 1173-1183, 1986

35 Gaertner, ". The aversive form of racism. In J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner" Academic Press. 61-89, 1986

36 Sears, ". Symbolic racism. In P. A. Katz & D. A. Taylor Profiles in controversy" Plenum Press. 53-84, 1988

37 ". Social psychology of intergroup relation. Annual Review of Psychology" 33 : 1-39, 1982

38 Blanchard, ". Reducing the expression of racial prejudice. Psychological Science" 101-105, 1991

39 Kelman,H. C, ". Processes of opinion change. Public Opinion Quarterly" 25 : 57-78, 1961

40 Sherif, ". Group in harmony and tension. New York" 1953

41 Cook, ". Cooperative interaction in multiethnic contexts. In N. Miller & M. B. Brewer Groups in contact The psychology of desegregation" Academic Press. 155-185, 1984

42 Sobel, ". Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models. In S. Leinhardt" 290-312, 1982

43 Festinger,L, ". A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations" 7 : 117-140, 1954