군 체력검정 기준의 성별 차이와 공정성 논의: 국내외 사례 및 생리학적 근거 기반 분석 = Gender Differences and Fairness in Military Fitness Standards: A Comparative and Physiological Perspective

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study examines the establishment of gender-specific standards in military physical fitness tests, focusing on the physiological, social, and policy dimensions shaping current debates. The increasing proportion of women in the armed forces reflects demographic challenges, evolving security environments, and broader social changes. While women’s participation has expanded beyond traditional support roles, physical performance differences rooted in biological and training factors remain central to policy discussions. Comparative analysis of standards in the Korean military, police, fire service, the National Fitness 100 program, and the U.S. Army indicates consistent gender gaps, particularly in strength-related tasks, though aerobic events show smaller disparities. Elite sport records further highlight physiological limits, while research suggests that structured training can reduce—but not eliminate—sex-based performance differences. International cases such as the U.S. Army Combat Fitness Test illustrate both the challenges and consequences of implementing gender-neutral standards. The study argues that fair and scientifically grounded criteria must balance operational requirements, health considerations, and perceptions of equity. Such approaches can enhance the validity and acceptance of fitness assessments, while providing evidence-based guidance for other physically demanding occupations such as policing and firefighting.