This article examines the historical and archaeological significance of Yiseong-sanseong Fortress in Okcheon, focusing on a review of literature, research history, and archaeological excavation results.
Yiseong-sanseong Fortress in Okcheon is an earth...
This article examines the historical and archaeological significance of Yiseong-sanseong Fortress in Okcheon, focusing on a review of literature, research history, and archaeological excavation results.
Yiseong-sanseong Fortress in Okcheon is an earthen fortress from the Three Kingdoms period, located in Sangye-ri, Cheongseong-myeon, Okcheon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do.
According to The History of the Three Kingdoms, the fortresses of Samyeon and Gulsan were rebuilt in the 8th year (486) of Soji Maripgan. Gulsan Fortress is believed to have been the main fortress, rebuilt from Gul-sanseong Fortress in Okcheon, originally constructed 16 years earlier, alongside Samnyeon-sanseong Fortress in Boeun, which was built in the 13th year (470) of Jabi Maripgan. This case is one of the few instances in the history of ancient Korean fortresses where both historical records and archaeological data were consistent.
However, Samnyeon-sanseong Fortress, from the same period and located nearby, is a massive stone fortress with a circumference of 1,700 meters. Its construction techniques are typical of late 5th-century fortresses in ancient Korea, featuring stone axial walls 15 to 20 meters high, a “Hyeonmun”-style gate (with the gate located at the upper part of the wall), a Gokseong (a balcony-type space attached to the wall for defensive and offensive purposes), and pedestal supports. In contrast, Gul-sanseong Fortress is an earthen fortress with a circumference of 1,140 meters, constructed using rammed-earth techniques, showcasing a clear difference in both materials and construction methods.
It is challenging to determine whether this difference is due to temporal or regional factors, which could be attributed to the lack of scholarly re-investigation, such as a review of research history and new archaeological findings. Examples of earthen ramparts from this period include late 5th to 6th-century rammed-earth ramparts like the inner section of the southern wall of Samnyeon-sanseong Fortress in Boeun, mid-6th-century ramparts such as the inner section of the western wall of Jeokseong Fortress in Danyang, the northern wall of Buseo-sanseong Fortress in Buyeo (which was built along valleys surrounding the mountain peak), and the eastern and southeastern walls of a military warehouse fortress built near the mountain summit. Other notable examples include the northern fortress wall surrounding Sajaru Pavilion, built in the first half of the 7th century, Gong-sanseong Fortress in Gongju, Yiseong-sanseong Fortress in Sejong, and Gangmun- dong Earthen Fortress in Gangneung.
At Yiseong-sanseong Fortress in Okcheon, it was clearly confirmed that ramparts, originally built using the Yukchuk construction technique on flat ground, evolved from earthen fortresses to stone fortresses. The construction style of reinforcing the outer section of the earthen wall with stones was present during this transitional phase. This shows that the development of ancient Korean fortresses followed a sequential progression in construction materials, scale, and techniques, in line with global historical trends.
Because Yiseong-sanseong Fortress in Okcheon underwent minimal modifications by later generations, it has largely retained its original form as an earthen rampart built using rammed-earth techniques. This preservation enhances its historical and archaeological value, making it a significant reference point for understanding the military landscape and battles between the Three Kingdoms from the late 5th to the early 7th century.