Einstein's pathway to the special theory of relativity

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Preface to the Second Edition = xiv
• Introduction = 1
• The First Chapter(A) : A Critical Biography of Albert Einstein = 1
• The Second Chapter(B) : Fin de Siècle Physics = 4
• The Third Chapter(C) : Einstein's Path to Special Relativity = 8
• The Fourth Chapter(D) : Einstein's Odyssey to General Relativity = 18
• The Fifth Chapter(E) : Methodology and Creativity = 30
• The Final Chapter(F) : The Sources = 33
• Chapter A. From Einstein's Childhood to Patent Office = 34
• 1 Einstein's Parents and Sister Maja = 34
• 2 The Move to Munich and the Electric Firm = 37
• 3 Rebellious and Creative = 39
• 4 Einstein Cannot Take Authority and Demands for Obedience = 39
• 4.1 Primary School = 39
• 4.2 Secondary School = 42
• 5 Einstein Teaches Himself Natural Science and Philosophy = 45
• 5.1 Max Talmud Recommends Bernstein and Kant = 45
• 5.2 Einstein Reads a Small Geometry Book = 47
• 5.3 Einstein Is Free in Italy = 49
• 6 Secondary School in Aarau = 52
• 7 Polytechnic in Zurich = 55
• 7.1 Professors Weber and Pernet Turn On Einstein = 55
• 7.2 Einstein "Never Shows Up or Skips the Classes of Mathematicians = 59
• 7.3 Einstein's Friends : Grossmann, Besso and Marić = 62
• 7.4 Einstein's Residence in Zurich = 66
• 8 Einstein Seeks a Position = 67
• 8.1 The Rebel Graduate Einstein Is Rejected = 67
• 8.2 Professor Weber Is Behind Einstein's Difficulties = 68
• 8.3 Einstein Finds Temporary Positions and Grossmann Rescues Him = 70
• 9 Physics Group = 72
• 9.1 The Patent Office = 72
• 9.2 Michele Besso, Joseph Sauter, Lucian Chavan and Heinrich Zangger = 76
• 10 Philosophy Group = 77
• 10.1 Maurice Solovine and Conrad Habicht = 77
• 10.2 The Olympia Academy = 79
• 10.3 The Reading List of the Academy = 81
• 11 Annus Mirabilis = 82
• 11.1 Letters to Habicht = 82
• 11.2 Einstein's Annus Mirabilis Papers = 84
• 12 German Scientists Respond to Einstein's Relativity Paper = 87
• 12.1 Professor Max Planck Writes to Einstein = 87
• 12.2 Max Laue Meets Einstein = 88
• 13 Einstein Teaches His Three Friends at the University of Bern = 88
• 13.1 Patent Clerk Rebels against Academic Rules = 88
• 13.2 Jakob Johann Laub Meets Einstein in Bern = 91
• 13.3 Einstein's Students : Besso and Chavan = 92
• 14 Einstein Leaves the Patent Office for his First Post in Zurich = 93
• 14.1 A University Professor at Zurich = 93
• 14.2 Einstein Invents with the Habicht Brothers = 97
• 14.3 Einstein's First Lecture at the Salzburg Meeting = 99
• 14.4 Zurich-Prague-Zurich-Berlin = 100
• 14.5 Einstein as a Weirdly Shabby Dressed Genius = 104
• Chapter B. Fin De Siècle Physics = 108
• 1 Fresnel's Dragging Coefficient and Fizeau's Experiment of 1851 = 108
• 1.1 Emission and Wave Theories of Light = 108
• 1.2 Arago and Fresnel = 110
• 1.3 Fizeau's Water Tube Experiment of 1851 = 114
• 1.4 Lorentz Derives Fresnel's Dragging Coefficient in his Electron Theory = 117
• 2 The Michelson and Michelson-Morley Experiment = 119
• 2.1 Maxwell's Letter to Todd = 119
• 2.2 Michelson in Helmholtz's Lab = 121
• 2.3 Michelson in Paris = 123
• 2.4 Michelson Returns to Cleveland and Works with Morley = 125
• 3 Giving Up the Ether in Fin De Siècle Physics = 129
• 4 The Contraction Hypothesis = 131
• 5 Variation of Mass with Velocity = 138
• Chapter C. Part One : Einstein's Pathway to the Special Theory of Relativity = 140
• 1 Introduction = 140
• 2 Einstein Believes in the Ether = 141
• 3 The Chasing a Light Beam Thought Experiment = 143
• 4 Magnet and Conductor Thought Experiment = 148
• 4.1 Maxwell's Equations and Induction = 148
• 4.2 What Prompted Einstein to Invent the Magnet and Conductor Thought Experiment? = 150
• 5 Ether Drill and Michelson and Morley's Experiment = 153
• 5.1 Einstein Designs Ether Drift Experiments between 1899 and 1901 = 153
• 5.2 Einstein's Different Statements as to the Role that Michelson's Experiment Played in his Development = 155
• 5.3 Robert Shankland's Interviews with Einstein on Michelson's Experiments = 161
• 6 Emission Theory and Ether Drift Experiments = 165
• 6.1 Ritz's Emission Theory = 165
• 6.2 Einstein's First Reaction to Ehrenfest's Paper : Einstein Rejected Ritz's Emission Theory = 169
• 6.3 Einstein Falls into the Jungle : Emission Theory and Fizeau's Experiment = 171
• 7 Einstein's Route to Special Relativity from 1895 to 1903-1904 = 174
• 8 "The Step" = 178
• 9 Einstein's Steps Toward the "The Step" = 180
• 9.1 Five to Six Weeks between the Discovery and the Relativity Paper = 180
• 9.2 The Einstein-Besso Meeting = 181
• 9.3 The Final Discovery within Five Weeks = 183
• 10 The Relativity Paper = 185
• 10.1 A "Rigid Body" and Contraction = 185
• 10.2 1905 : Definition of Distant Simultaneity with Reference to Synchronized Clocks = 187
• 10.3 Definition of Distant Simultaneity without Reference to Synchronized Clocks = 189
• 10.4 On the Relativity of Lengths and Times = 190
• 10.5 Challenges to Einstein's Connection of Synchronization and Contraction = 193
• 10.6 The Lorentz Transformations Derived by the Principle of Relativity and the Light Postulate = 195
• 10.7 Lorentz Transformations Derived without the Light Postulate = 198
• 10.8 Relativistic Addition Theorem for Velocities and Fizeau's experiment = 200
• 10.9 Time Dilation = 204
• 10.10 Clock Paradox and Twin Paradox = 204
• 10.11 Magnet and Conductor Experiment = 207
• 10.12 Relativity and the Light Quantum = 209
• 10.13 The Mass of the Electron = 213
• 11 The Inertial Mass-Energy Equivalence = 216
• 12 Kaufmann's Experiments : "Kugeltheorie" and "Relativtheorie" = 219
• Chapter C. Part Two : Poincaré's Dynamics of the Electron = 225
• 1 Biographical Sketch of Poincaré = 225
• 1.1 A Mathematics Monster = 226
• 1.2 Henri Poincaré and Paul Appell = 230
• 1.3 The École Polytechnique = 233
• 1.4 École des Mines = 235
• 1.5 An Academic Career : Faculty of Science in Caen = 237
• 1.6 Professor at the Faculty of Sciences in Paris = 238
• 1.7 The Bureau des Longitudes = 241
• 1.8 The 1900 Congresses = 245
• 1.9 The End = 249
• 2 Poincaré's Possible Influence on Einstein's Pathway toward Special Relativity = 250
• 2.1 Poincaré's Dynamics of the Electron = 250
• 2.2 The May 1905 Letters to Lorentz = 252
• 2.3 Introducing the Problems = 256
• 2.4 The Lorentz Transformations = 261
• 2.5 Did Poincaré's Dynamics of the Electron Influence Einstein? = 264
• 3 Did Poincaré Explore the Inertial Mass-Energy Equivalence? = 269
• 3.1 Poincaré 1900 - The "Hertzian Oscillator" = 269
• 3.2 Poincaré 1900 - The Fictitious Fluid = 271
• 3.3 Lorentz's Response to Poincaré's 1900 Paper = 274
• 3.4 Inseparability of Theorem of Conservation of Mass and of Energy = 275
• 3.5 Inertia of Energy = 276
• Chapter D. Einstein's Pathway to the General Theory of Relativity = 278
• 1 Act One : The Equivalence Principle = 279
• 1.1 1907 : The Equivalence principle = 279
• 1.2 1911 : Heuristic Equivalence Principle = 284
• 2 Static Gravitational Field Theory = 293
• 2.1 1912 : Static Field theory = 293
• 2.2 1912 : The Rotating Disk = 298
• 2.3 1912 : Equivalence Principle is Valid Locally = 303
• 2.4 Mach's Ideas／Mach's Principle = 305
• 3 Act Two : The Metric Tensor = 308
• 3.1 The Metric Tensor = 308
• 3.2 The Zurich Notebook = 321
• 4 Intermezzo : The Entwurf Theory = 349
• 4.1 1913 : The Entwurf Field Equations = 349
• 4.2 1913 : The Hole Argument = 361
• 4.3 1913 : Perihelion of Mercury = 363
• 4.4 Rotation Metric = 369
• 4.5 1914 : Special Relativity is Valid in Local regions of Spacetime = 377
• 4.6 1914 : Adapted Coordinate Systems = 378
• 4.7 1914 : Variational Formalism = 381
• 4.8 1914 : The Hole Argument = 388
• 4.9 Einstein Loses Confidence in the Entwurf Theory = 390
• 5 Act Three : General Relativity = 398
• 5.1 1915 : Einstein Adopts-g＝1 as a Postulate = 398
• 5.2 Conservation of Energy-Momentum = 405
• 5.3 The Newtonian Limit = 409
• 5.4 Einstein Adopts-g＝1 as a Coordinate Condition = 413
• 5.5 1915 : Perihelion of Mercury = 414
• 5.6 1915 : Final Form of the Field Equations = 425
• 5.7 The Schwarzschild Solution = 429
• 6 1916 : Einstein's General Theory of Relativity = 431
• 6.1 1916 : The Field Equations = 431
• 6.2 1916 : Deflection of Light = 438
• 6.3 1916 : The Rotating Disk = 442
• 6.4 1916-1918 : Gravitational Waves = 444
• 6.5 1916 : Relinquishing the Restrictive Unimodular Coordinate Condition = 453
• 7 Einstein's Cosmological Model = 459
• 7.1 The Cosmological Constant = 459
• 7.2 Einstein Gives Up the Cosmological Constant = 475
• Chapter E. Einstein's and Poincaré's Creativity = 481
• 1 Einstein's Methodology and Creativity = 481
• 1.1 Invention or Discovery? = 481
• 1.2 The Significance of Music for Einstein = 483
• 1.3 The Significance of a Wonder for Einstein = 486
• 1.4 Einstein's Creativity = 487
• 1.5 Einstein's Sounding Boards = 488
• 1.6 The Principles of Relativity as Heuristic Principles = 498
• 1.7 Theories of Principle and Constructive Theories = 500
• 1.8 Principles Cannot Be Modified = 501
• 1.9 Einstein is Guided by Heuristic Principles = 502
• 1.10 Substantivalism versus Relationalism = 503
• 2 Poincaré's Conventions and Creativity = 507
• 2.1 Poincaré's Creativity = 507
• 2.2 Poincaré's Conventionalism of Geometry = 512
• 2.3 Poincaré's Fourth Geometry = 517
• 2.4 Einstein's Response to Poincaré's Conventionalism of Geometry = 518
• 2.5 Poincaré's Conventionalism of Principles(Classical Mechanics and Physics) = 521
• Chapter F. The Sources = 527
• 1 Introduction = 527
• 2 Documentary and Non-Documentary Biographies = 528
• 2.1 Clark, Isaacson, Fölsing and Flückiger = 528
• 2.2 Moszkowski's Einstein = 530
• 2.3 Maja's Biography of Her Brother = 532
• 2.4 Reiser's Einstein = 533
• 2.5 Frank's Einstein = 534
• 2.6 Seelig's Einstein = 537
• 2.7 Vallentin's and Plesch's Einstein = 540
• 2.8 Herneck's Einstein = 543
• 2.9 Helen Dukas's Recollections = 544
• 2.10 Pais's Einstein = 545
• 2.11 How to Cross-Reference the Documentary Biographies = 546
• 3 Autobiographies, Memories and Popular Accounts = 547
• 3.1 Einstein's Autobiography = 547
• 3.2 In fold's Autobiography and the Evolution of Physics = 548
• 3.3 Einstein's Book On the Special and the General Theory of Relativity = 552
• 3.4 Fantova's Journal of the Older Einstein = 555
• 3.5 Minkowski, Sommerfeld and the Book The Principle of Relativity = 555
• 4 Primary Sources for the Historical Road that Led Einstein to Special and General Relativity = 560
• 4.1 Special Relativity : Einstein's Correspondence with Friends and Love Letters = 560
• 4.2 The Kyoto Talk = 562
• 4.3 Wertheimer's Interviews with Einstein = 563
• 4.4 Shankland's Interviews with Einstein = 565
• 4.5 Interviews with Einstein's Son, Hans Albert Einstein = 566
• 4.6 Einstein's Notebooks and Manuscripts = 567
• 5 Old Biographies of Poincaré = 573
• References = 576
• Notes = 609
• Index = 618