New economic developments and their impact on Arab economies

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• PREFACE = ⅴ
• ACKNOWLEDGEMENT = ⅶ
• LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS = ⅸ
• CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION / Ahmed Al-Kawaz = 1
• PART Ⅰ : GLOBALIZATION AND PARTNERSHIP = 13
• CHAPTER 2 GLOBALIZATION, REGIONALIZATION, AND RECENT TRADE AGREEMENTS : IMPACT ON ARAB ECONOMIES "RAPID EXOGENOUS CHANGE - SLOW ENDOGENOUS RESPONSE!" : A KEYNOTE ADDRESS / ISMAIL SIRAGELDIN = 15
• INTRODUCTION = 15
• 1. THE CONTEXT = 17
• 1.1 Critical Issues = 17
• 1.2 The Arab Region Dilemma = 18
• 1.3 Recent Socioeconomic Trends = 20
• 1.4 Impacts of Openess = 22
• 2. GLOBALIZATION AND REGIONALISM : A VIABLE MIX? = 25
• 2.1 On the System of Globalization = 25
• 2.2 Globalization and Interdependece = 26
• 2.3 The Quantification Problem = 31
• 2.4 Globalization and Regionalism : Are They Compatible? = 32
• 3. TRADE AGREEMENTS : ITS EFFECTS ON ARAB ECONOMIES = 34
• 4. INTERNAL-ORIENTED SUSTAINABLE REFORM(IOSR) AS A BASE FOR OOR／EOI = 36
• 4.1 Why IOSR First? = 36
• 4.1.1 Human Resource Development = 36
• 4.1.2 Fertility and Population Growth in a Global Environment = 37
• 4.1.3 Education and Human Capital Formation = 39
• 4.1.4 Labor Mobility and Capital Movement in a Global Environment = 39
• 4.2 Transparency in Government and Equal Opportunity = 42
• 5. LESSONS FROM SOUTHEAST ASIA = 44
• 6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS = 46
• REFERENCES = 48
• CHAPTER 3 ECONOMIC INTEGRATION IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA : FACTORS EXPLAINING READINESS FOR AND FAILURE OF REGIONAL INTEGRATION / HAICO EBBERS = 57
• INTRODUCTION = 57
• 1. THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS = 60
• 2. REGIONAL INTEGRATION IN THE ARAB REGION = 65
• 3. DYNAMIC EFFECTS AND DISTRIBUTION PROBLEMS = 70
• 4. READINESS INDICATORS = 74
• 5. CONCLUDING REMARKS = 76
• REFERENCES = 78
• CHAPTER 4 EUROPEAN ENLARGEMENT TO THE EAST AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR THE MENA REGION / ALI H. BAYAR = 81
• INTRODUCTION = 82
• 1. AN OVERVIEW OF THE MODEL = 86
• 2. POLICY EXPERIMENTS AND SIMULATION RESULTS = 88
• 3. CONCLUSION = 94
• REFERENCES = 95
• CHAPTER 5 TRADE INTEGRATION WITH EUROPE, EXPORT DIVERSIFICATION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN EGYPT / S$$\acute E$$BASTIEN DESSUS ; AKIKO SUWA-EISENMANN = 97
• INTRODUCTION = 97
• 1. CURRENT EEGYPTIAN TRADE STRUCTURE AND THE EEPA = 100
• 1.1 Geographical Patterns of Trade and Protection = 102
• 1.2 The EEPA = 104
• 2. THE MODEL = 107
• 2.1 Production = 108
• 2.2 Income and Absorption = 108
• 2.3 International Trade = 110
• 2.4 Model Closure and Dynamics = 110
• 3. SIMULATIONS = 111
• 3.1 General Hypothesis for Exogenous Variables = 111
• 3.2 The Different Policy Scenarios = 113
• 3.3 Adding an Export-led Externality to Account for Dynamic Productivity Gains = 115
• 3.4 General Results = 116
• 3.5 Geographical Results = 121
• 4. CONCLUSION = 123
• REFERENCES = 126
• Appendix 1 : The Dimensions of the Model = 130
• Appendix 2 : Upgrading of the Social Accounting Matrix = 130
• Appendix 3 : Sensitivity Analysis = 133
• PART Ⅱ : WTO AND THE ARAB WORLD = 135
• CHAPTER 6 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION : WHAT HAS CHANGED? / EDWINI KWAME KESSIE = 137
• INTRODUCTION = 137
• 1. DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND THE GATT(1947-1986) = 140
• 1.1 Background = 140
• 1.2 The Concept of Special and Differential Treatment = 143
• 1.2.1 Article XVIII of the GATT = 143
• 1.2.2 Part Ⅳ of the GATT = 146
• 1.2.3 Decision on Differential and More Favourable Treatment, Reciprocity and Fuller Participation of Developing Countries("Enabling Clause") = 149
• 1.3 Analysis of the Concept of Special and Differential Treatment = 151
• 1.3.1 Negative Aspects of the Concept of Special and Differential Treatment = 152
• 1.3.2 Positive Aspects of the Concept of Special and Differential Treatment = 154
• 2. DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND THE URUGUAY ROUND NEGOTIATIONS = 157
• 2.1 Results of the Uruguay Round Negotiations = 161
• 2.1.1 Market-Access Commitments = 161
• 2.1.2 Institutional and Legal Framework = 163
• 2.1.3 Special and Differential Provisions in the Multilateral Trade Agreements = 165
• 2.2 Developing Countries and the post-Uruguay Round Multilateral Trading System = 169
• 2.2.1 Measures Intended to Increase the Participation of Developing Countries in the Multilateral Trading System and the WTO = 170
• 3. CONCLUSION = 177
• REFERENCES = 183
• CHAPTER 7 ARAB ECONOMIC INTEGRATION : REQUIREMENTS AND IMPLICATIONS UNDER GLOBAL CHANGES / THOUKA M.S. AL-KHALIDI = 185
• INTRODUCTION = 185
• 1. THE WTO AND REGIONAL BLOCS : A SHORT OR A LONG-TERM CO-EXISTENCE? = 188
• 1.1 Is There any Theoretical Backing to the Coexistence of a Multilateral Trading System = 189
• 1.2 The Concept of Special and Differential Treatment = 195
• 1.2.1 Article XXIV of the GATT 1994 = 197
• 1.2.1.1 Adoption of Substantially the Same Duties and Other of Regulations of Commerce = 198
• 1.2.1.2 General Incidence of Duties and Other Regulations of Commerce Should not be More Restrictive = 198
• 1.2.1.3 The Substantial All Trade Requirements = 199
• 1.2.1.4 Interim Agreements for the Formation of Customs Unions and Free Trade Areas = 199
• 1.2.1.5 Procedural-Notification Requirement = 200
• 1.2.2 Agreement Notified under the Enabling Clauses = 200
• 1.2.3 Agreement Notified under Article XXV(Waivers) = 201
• 1.2.4 Agreement Notified under Article V of the GATS = 202
• 1.2.4.1 Rights of Non-member Countries = 202
• 1.2.4.2 Substantial Sectoral Coverage = 203
• 1.2.4.3 Procedural-Notification Requirements = 204
• 1.2.4.4 Interim Arragements for the Formation of Economic Integration Agreements = 204
• 1.3 Regional Integration Agreements and the WTO : Complementary or in Comepetition? = 205
• 1.3.1 Tariffs = 205
• 1.3.2 Nontariff Measures = 205
• 1.3.3 Subsidies = 205
• 1.3.4 Liberalisation of Policies Affecting Agricultural Products = 206
• 1.3.5 Government Procedures = 206
• 1.3.6 Domestic Policies = 206
• 1.3.7 Services = 207
• 1.3.8 Intellectual Property Protection = 207
• 1.3.9 Dispute Settlement and the Monitoring of trade Policies = 208
• 2. CURRENT ARAB ECONOMIC BLOCS : DO THEY COMPLY WITH THE PROVISIONS ON CUSTOMS UNION AND FREE TRADE AREA? = 208
• 2.1 Development of Arab Economic Blocs = 208
• 2.2 Compatibility of the Current Arab Integration Arrangements with Article XXIV of GATT 1994 and Articles V of GATS = 211
• 2.2.1 The GCC Unified Economic Agreement = 212
• 2.2.2 The Executive Programme of the Larger Arab Free Trade Area = 214
• 3. THE NECESSITY FOR AND THE REQUIREMENT OF AN ARAB ECONOMIC BLOC UNDER GLOBAL CHANGES = 216
• 4. CONCLUSIONS = 221
• REFERENCES = 222
• CHAPTER 8 THE IMPACT OF GATT ON ARAB OIL REVENUES / HUSSEIN ABDALLAH = 225
• 1. OIL PRICE AND GATT 1947 = 225
• 2. WORLD DEPENDENCE ON ARAB OIL = 231
• 3. OIL PRICES AND THE GATT 1994 = 238
• 4. ARAB COORDINATED POLICIES = 246
• REFERENCES = 253
• PART Ⅲ : ARAB FREE TRADE AREA = 255
• CHAPTER 9 THE ARAB FREE TRADE AREA(AFTA) : POTENTIALITIES & EFFECTS / NATEK SEKOUTI = 257
• 1. THE LEGAL & ORGANIZATIONAL FRAMEWORK OF AFTA = 257
• 1.1 Historical Background = 257
• 1.2 The Inter-Arab Trade Facilitation and Promotion Agreement of 1981(TFPA) = 258
• 1.3 The Executive Program of the TFPA = 259
• 1.4 The Organizational Structure of AFTA = 261
• 2. AFTA TRADE AND INVESTMENT EFFECT = 263
• 2.1 The AFTA's Effect on Inter-Arab Trade = 263
• 2.2 The AFTA's Effects on Inter-Arab Direct Investment = 265
• 3. MAJOR ISSUES = 267
• 3.1 The Extent of Supportive Political Decisions = 268
• 3.2 Nontariff Barriers = 268
• 3.3 The Tariff on Agricultural Goods = 269
• 3.4 Dispute Settlement System = 270
• 3.5 Relationship with the GATT and WTO = 271
• 3.6 Trade Diversion and Common External Tariff = 272
• 3.7 Treatment of Least Developed Member States = 272
• 3.8 Dumping and Subsidies = 273
• 3.9 Lack of Data and Transparency = 273
• 3.10 The Rules of Origin = 274
• 3.11 Trade in Services = 275
• 3.12 Treatment of Negative Effects of AFTA = 276
• 3.13 The Role of the Private Sector = 276
• 3.14 The Status of Arab Duty-Free Zones = 278
• REFERENCES = 279
• CHAPTER 10 INTER-ARAB TRADE AND THE POTENTIAL SUCCESS OF AFTA / IMED LIMAM ; ADIL ABDALLA = 283
• INTRODUCTION = 283
• 1. CHARACTERISTICS OF ARAB COUNTRIES' TRADE = 286
• 2. MODELLING ARAB BILATERAL TRADE FLOWS = 302
• 3. INTER-ARAB TRADE : LOOKING INTO THE FUTURE = 315
• 4. CONCLUDING REMARKS = 323
• REFERENCES = 328
• CHAPTER 11 FREE ECONOMIC ZONES IN ARAB COUNTRIES IN THE CONTEXT OF ARAB FREE TRADE AREAS AND WTO ARRANGEMENTS : TRENDS AND FUTRUE PROSPECTS / JAMIL TAHIR = 331
• INTRODUCTION = 331
• 1. FEZs IN ARAB COUNTRIES : GENERAL TREND AND MAIN FEATURES = 334
• 1.1 Development of FEZs in Arab Countries : General Trend = 335
• 1.2 Main Features : Incentives, Facilities and Administration of Free Zones = 340
• 1.2.1 Fiscal and Financial Incentives = 343
• 1.2.2 Customs Exemptions : Import Duties = 344
• 1.2.3 Local Sales and Purchases = 345
• 1.2.4 Facilities and Administration = 345
• 1.2.5 Administration of Free Zones in Arab Countries = 348
• 2. PERFORMANCE OF FREE ECONOMIC ZONES IN ARAB COUNTRIES : AN ANALYTICAL ASSESSMENT = 350
• 2.1 Attracting Foreign Investment and Capital = 352
• 2.2 Exports and Foreign Exchange Earnings = 358
• 2.3 Employment Opportunities = 365
• 2.4 Other Effects = 368
• 2.5 Free Zones Obstalces and Problems : Reasons for Poor Performance = 374
• 2.5.1 The Macro Level = 374
• 2.5.1.1 Administrative Obstacles = 375
• 2.5.1.2 Marketing Obstacles = 376
• 2.5.1.3 Infrastructure Obstacles = 376
• 2.5.2 Sectoral and Micro Level = 376
• 2.5.2.1 Nature and Industrial Activites = 377
• 2.5.2.2 Technology Transfer = 377
• 3. FEZs IN ARAB COUNTRIES AND RECENT ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS : FREE TRADE AREA AND WTO ARRANGEMENTS = 378
• 3.1 AFTA and WTO Arrangements = 379
• 3.2 Future of Free Economic Zones within AFTA : Outlook and Alternative Policies = 385
• 4. CONCLUSION AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS = 393
• REFERENCES = 400
• PART Ⅳ : WATER CRISIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN ARAB COUNTRIES = 405
• CHAPTER 12 WATER CRISIS, THE ENVIRONMENT AND ARAB SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT? : A KEYNOTE ADDRESS / ATEF KUBURSI = 407
• INTRODUCTION = 407
• 1. WATER CRISIS IN THE MIDDLE EAST : THE ISSUES = 414
• 1.1 Israeli-Arab Water Conflict = 417
• 1.2 The Turkish-Syrian-Iraqi Water Crisis = 421
• 1.3 The Nile Waters = 424
• 1.4 Other Arab Water Crisis = 425
• 2. THE HARVARD WATER ALLOCATION SYSTEM(WAS) : SOLUTION OR PROBLEM? = 426
• 2.1 Components of the WAS Model = 428
• 2.2 The Mathematical Model Structure = 430
• 2.2.1 Water Demand = 430
• 2.3 Interpreting the Model Results : Efficient Allocation Rules = 433
• 2.4 The Arab Disease = 436
• 3. CONCLUSION
• REFERENCES = 443
• CHAPTER 13 CRISIS RESPONSE BY WATER SECTOR MANAGEMENT / R$$\acute E$$MY L. DE JONG = 445
• INTRODUCTION = 445
• 1. A WATER CRISIS = 450
• 2. WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT = 453
• 2.1 Water Supply Management = 453
• 2.2 Water Demand Management = 454
• 2.3 Water Relocation = 455
• 3. WATER SECTOR MANAGEMENT = 456
• 3.1 The Legal Framework = 457
• 3.2 The Institutional Framework = 458
• 4. LESSONS LEARNED = 459
• 4.1 The Comprehensive Approach = 459
• 4.2 Theory and Practise = 460
• 4.3 Overlapping Tasks = 461
• 4.4 Conflicting Responsibilities = 461
• 4.5 Conflicts of Interest = 462
• 4.6 Inadequate Powers = 463
• 4.7 Inflexible Policies = 464
• 4.8 The Principle of the User／Polluter Pays = 464
• 5. RECOMMENDATIONS = 466
• REFERENCES = 467
• CHAPTER 14 WATER CHALLENGE IN THE ARAB WORLD : EFFICIENCY OF MANAGEMENT AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR CHOICE / AHMED BEL HAJ FREJ = 469
• INTRODUCTION = 469
• 1. WATER RESOURCES IN THE ARAB WORLD = 471
• 1.1 Renewable Water Resources = 473
• 1.2 Non-Conventional Water Resources = 478
• 1.2.1 Non-Renewable Water Resources = 479
• 1.2.2 The Desalination of Water = 480
• 1.2.3 Reusing Water Drained by Agriculture = 481
• 1.2.4 Reusing Treated Sewage Water = 482
• 2. WATER USES IN THE ARAB WORLD = 483
• 2.1 Agricultural Use = 483
• 2.2 Domestic Usage = 485
• 2.3 Industrial Uses = 487
• 3. AGRICULTURE AT THE CENTER OF WATER CRISIS IN THE ARAB WORLD = 487
• 3.1 Water Balance 1996-2030 = 490
• 4. WATER CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES OF CHOICE = 494
• 4.1 Raising the Efficiency of Agriculture = 495
• 4.2 Water Policies = 497
• 4.3 Water Pricing = 498
• 4.4 Realizing the Maximum of Water Benefits and Food Security = 500
• 4.5 Trans-boundary Water = 504
• 4.6 Water Quality = 505
• 4.7 Integrated Water Management = 506
• 4.8 The Re-Use of Treated Wastewater = 507
• 4.9 Desalination of Brackish and Sea-water = 508
• 4.10 Reduction of the Missing Water Volumes = 509
• 4.11 Water Supply of Rural Populations = 510
• 4.12 Private Sector and Financing Water Projects = 511
• REFERENCES = 512
• Appendix 1 : Rainfall in the Arab World = 514
• Appendix 2 : Major Surface Flows and Nubian Sandstone Aquifers in the Arab World = 515
• Appendix 3 : Table 3.1 : Distribution of Water Uses in the Arab World = 516
• Appendix 4 : Table 4.1 : Access to Water Supply and Sanitation in the Arab World = 517
• Appendix 5 : Table 5.1 : Non conventional Water Resources in the Arab World(million m³) = 518
• Appendix 6 : Table 6.1 : Water Demand in the Arab World = 518
• Appendix 7 : Table 7.1 : Water Resources in the Arab World = 519
• Appendix 8 : Table 8.1 : Water Balance in the Arab World(1996-2030)(million m³) = 520
• CHAPTER 15 RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN MOROCCO : ALTERNATIVE SCENARIOS TO THE YEAR 2000 / HANS L$$\ddot O$$FGREN ; RACHID DOUKKALI ; HASSAN SERGHINI ; SHERMAN ROBINSON = 521
• INTRODUCTION = 522
• 1. MODEL STRUCTURE AND DATA SOURCES = 523
• 1.1 Factors = 523
• 1.2 Activities and Commodities = 525
• 1.3 Producer Behavior and Technology = 526
• 1.4 Institutions = 528
• 1.5 Data Sources and Approach to Model Solution = 530
• 2. SIMULATIONS = 532
• 2.1 Base = 532
• 2.2 Water : Tariffs and Sales to Urban Area = 536
• 2.3 Irrigation Expansion = 542
• 2.4 Accelerated Productivity Growth = 548
• 2.5 Win-Win Scenarios for Rural Development = 556
• 3. CONCLUSIONS = 561
• REFERENCES = 566
• Appendix A : Supplementary Simulation and Model Data = 570
• Appendix B : A Note on Moroccon Agriculture Data Sources Disaggregated by Farm = 587
• B.1 Accessible Data = 587
• B.1.1 Surveys Conducted at the National Level = 587
• B.1.2 Surveys with Smaller Domains(Not National) = 588
• B.2 Data Not Easily Accessible = 588
• B.2.1 The Cost of Production Survey(DPAE／MAMVA) = 588
• B.2.2 Farms Budget and Households Living Standard(DPAE／MAMVA) = 589
• REFERENCES FOR MICRO-LEVEL FARM STUDIES = 589
• CHAPTER 16 TRANSBOUNDARY WATER ALLOCATION BETWEEN ISRAEL AND GAZA STRIP / UJJAYANT CHAKRAVORTY = 599
• INTRODUCTION = 599
• 1. TECHNICAL APPROACH = 602
• 2. DESCRIPTION OF THE OPTIMAL SOLUTION = 605
• 3. NON-COOPERATIVE SOLUTION = 607
• 4. AN APPLICATION TO THE ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN PARADIGM = 609
• 4.1 Simulation Results = 612
• 4.2 An Application of a Non-Cooperative Solution = 615
• 5. CONCLUDING REMARKS = 617
• REFERENCES = 619
• Appendix A : The Optimal Control Solution = 621
• Appendix B : Reaction Function of the Urban Sector = 624
• Appendix C : Reaction Function of the Agriculture Sector = 625
• CHAPTER 17 ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN THE MIDDLE EAST : IMPLICATIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT / BEN C. ARIMAH = 627
• INTRODUCTION = 627
• 1. ENERGY CONSUMPTION, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY = 633
• 2. PATTERN OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN THE MIDDLE EAST = 636
• 3. A MODEL OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN THE MIDDLE EAST = 640
• 3.1 Specifications of Variables = 641
• 4. EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS = 645
• 4.1 Statistical Analysis = 645
• 4.2 The Impact of Economic Development and Other Factors of Energy Consumption = 647
• 5. PATTERN OF GREENHOUSE EMISSION IN THE MIDDLE EAST = 654
• 6. IMPACT OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION ON THE EMISSION OF GREENHOUSE GASES = 658
• 6.1 Impact of Energy Consumption on Carbon Dioxide Emissions = 660
• 6.2 Impact of Energy Consumption on Methane Emissions = 662
• 7. IMPLICATIONS OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION FOR AN ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT = 664
• 8. CONCLUDING REMARKS = 668
• REFERENCES = 671
• Appendix 1 : Table A1 : Estimated multiple regressions for carbon dioxide emissions (total) in the Middle East = 676
• PART V : TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE AND INFORMATION REVOLUTION = 677
• CHAPTER 18 INDUSTRIAL COMPETITIVENESS AND GENERIC TECHNOLOGY IN A GLOBALIZING WORLD ECONOMY : SOME IMPLICATIONS FOR THE ARAB ECONOMIES : A KEYNOTE ADDRESS / CHARLES COOPER = 679
• REFERENCES = 693
• CHAPTER 19 BRAVING PRODUCTS UNDER WTO : IMPLICATIONS AND STRATEGIES FOR ARAB PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY MONA MOURSHED = 695
• INTRODUCTION = 695
• 1. WHAT ARE WTO AND TRIPS, AND WHAT DO THEY MEAN FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES? = 697
• 1.1 WTO and TRIPs = 697
• 1.2 Consequences for Developing Countries : Focus on Pharmaceuticals = 700
• 2. BREAKING DOWN THE ISSUES = 704
• 2.1 Foreign Direct Investment and Technology Transfer = 705
• 2.2 Drug Price Escalation = 708
• 2.3 Domestic Industry Structure = 719
• 2.4 Local Research and Development Efforts = 725
• 3. STRATEGY MATTERS : HOW TO AVOID BEING TIPPED BY TRIPS = 730
• 3.1 The Indian Agenda = 730
• 3.1.1 R&D Strategies = 730
• 3.1.2 Growth Strategies : Exports and Contract Manufacturing = 734
• 3.2 Egypt's View : Problem and Proposals = 738
• 3.2.1 Increase Exoprts = 739
• 3.2.2 Increase Resource for Local R&D = 741
• 3.2.3 Improve Local Competitiveness = 743
• 3.3 What Egypt Can Learn From India = 746
• 4. CONCLUSION = 750
• REFERENCES = 754
• CHAPTER 20 CYBERPOWER FOR ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE MIDDLE EAST / SAIF ALZAHIR = 757
• INTRODUCTION = 759
• 1. IT OF THE 2$$1^{ST}$$ CENTURY = 759
• 1.1 Satellite, Terrestrial, and Wireless Technologies = 759
• 1.2 Digital Content = 761
• 1.3 Hardware = 762
• 1.4 People-Ware = 763
• 1.5 The Next Generation of the Internet(Ipv6) = 764
• 2. EXISTING TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND INFORMATION NETWORKS IN THE ARAB STATES = 765
• 2.1 Telecommunications Services = 766
• 2.1.1 Availability = 766
• 2.1.2 Broadwork Network = 767
• 2.1.3 Profitability = 768
• 2.2 Arabian Content = 768
• 2.3 Internet Services in the Arab States = 769
• 3. THE IMPACT OF THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ON SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN THE MIDDLE EAST = 772
• 3.1 Economic Sectors = 772
• 3.2 Social Sectors = 774
• 3.2.1 Education = 774
• 3.2.2 Health = 774
• 3.2.3 Rural Migration = 774
• 3.2.4 Unemployment and Training = 774
• 3.3 Social Structure = 775
• 3.3.1 Class Structure(Equality) = 775
• 3.3.2 Privacy = 776
• 3.3.3 Cyberporn = 776
• 4. A PLAN FOR DIGITIZING THE ARABIC CONTENT = 777
• 5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS = 778
• REFERENCES = 779
• CHAPTER 21 TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGE OF EXPORT-LED STRATEGY IN THE ARAB WORLD / STEVE ONYEIWU = 781
• INTRODUCTION = 781
• 1. THE NEED FOR AN EXPORT-LED INDUSTRIALIZATION STRATEGY = 783
• 2. TECHNOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF AN EXPORT-LED STRATEGY = 785
• 3. TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES OF THE 2$$1^{ST}$$ CENTURY = 788
• 4. S&T POLICY IN THE ARAB WORLD = 792
• 5. COPING WITH NEW TECHNOLOGIES : WHAT THE ARAB WORLD MUST DO = 798
• 5.1 Excessive Focus on R&D = 799
• 5.2 State Monopolization of R&D = 800
• 6. CONCLUDING REMARKS = 804
• REFERENCES = 806
• PART Ⅵ : ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF THE PEACE PROCESS IN THE MIDDLE EAST = 809
• CHAPTER 22 THE IMPACT OF PEACE PROCESS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALESTINIAN ECONOMY : A KEYNOTE ADDRESS / SAMIR ABDULLAH = 811
• INTRODUCTION = 812
• 1. ISRAEL'S PEACE POLITICS = 814
• 2. PALESTINIAN-ISRAELI ECONOMIC NEGOTIATIONS = 816
• 2.1 Objectives of the Negotiating Parties on Economic issues = 818
• 2.2 The Economic Agreement Between the PLO and Israel = 818
• 3. THE IMPACT OF THE AGREEMENTS ON PALESTINIAN ECONOMY = 820
• 3.1 Changes on Development Environment = 820
• 3.2 The Performance of the Palestinian Economy After Oslo Agreement = 824
• 3.2.1 Economic Changes = 824
• 3.2.2 Economic Relations with Israel = 826
• 3.2.3 Economic Relations with the Rest of the World = 828
• 4. CONCLUSION = 829
• REFERENCES = 831
• CHAPTER 23 THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF THE MIDDLE EAST PEACE SETTLEMENT / TAHA ABDEL-ALIM = 833
• INTRODUCTION = 833
• 1. MIDDLE EASTERNISM IN THE ECONOMIC LITERATURE = 838
• 2. THE ARAB ECONOMIST DEBATE OVER MIDDLE EASTERNISM = 847
• 3. MIDDLE EASTERNISM IN PEACE ACCORDS AND TREATIES = 853
• 4. THE ARAB COUNTRIES AND ISRAEL ECONOMIC MOTIVES FOR PEACE = 859
• 5. REGIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN THE MULTILATERAL TALKS = 868
• 6. MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA(MENA) ECONOMIC CONFERENCES = 877
• 7. CONCLUSION = 886
• REFERENCES = 893