고려 유적 출토 상형청자의 현황과 성격 = The Current Status and Character of Sculptural Celadon Excavated from Goryeo Archaeological Sites

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Sculptural celadon (象形靑磁), which refers to the particular form of celadon that is shaped to resemble animals, plants, or human figures, is considered a representative genre of Goryeo celadon. The sculptural celadon of the Goryeo dynasty (918~1392) is not only already well known through the intact heirloom items held at museums, but is continuously being introduced through newly excavated findings. This paper aims to understand the sculptural celadon of Goryeo by comprehensively investigating its current status and character in the context of production-circulation-consumption―focusing on items excavated from archaeological sites. In particular, this research places emphasis on the character of the excavation site and its relationship with the pottery types, the period of production and issues of chronological dating, and the scholarly value of excavated artifacts.
The sites where sculptural celadon has been excavated can be classified into 1) kiln sites, such as those in Sadang-ri in Gangjin (Jeollanam-do Province) and Yucheon-ri in Buan (Jeonbuk State), 2) underwater recoveries related to distribution, such as those near Daeseom and Mado Islands in Taean, and 3) venues of consumption, such as Ganghwado Island and Buddhist temples. The forms of sculptural celadon discovered at these places can be divided into 1) those used as food vessels, such as ewers and bottles, 2) those produced for a specific purpose or for personal use, such as incense burners, water droppers, and pillows, and 3) those of a religious nature, such as Buddhist sculptures. As for the period of production, many were top-quality wares that were produced in Gangjin or Buan before being transported. In particular, many of the artifacts excavated from Sadang-ri in Gangjin were fragments of sculptural celadon displaying diverse forms and designs, which reaffirms the site’s status as a hub of Goryeo celadon production.
The chronological dating of sculptural celadon excavated from archaeological sites also suggests several implications. Having been discovered with documentary materials dating to 1207~1208, the artifacts excavated from Ship No. 1 near Mado Island in Taean serve as important clues in estimating the production period of certain kinds of sculptural celadon, namely gourd-shaped ewers. Furthermore, the various sculptural celadons excavated on Ganghwado Island were likely introduced and used during the period from 1232 to 1270 when the island served as the Goryeo capital. In the case of the sculptural celadon discovered at Wollamsa Temple Site in Gangjin, dating is aided by the historical context, in which the temple began actively operating in the mid-thirteenth century through the support of the Choe family, represented by Choe Hang (崔沆, 1209~1257), who led Goryeo’s military regime. Thus, it can be presumed that sculptural celadon was actively produced, distributed, and used not only in the twelfth century but also into the thirteenth century.
The sculptural celadon, including potsherds, excavated from archaeological sites provide various important information that cannot be known through the renowned works or heirloom artifacts held at museums. They not only serve as physical sources that substantiate the content of historical documents related to Goryeo sculptural celadon, such as the Gaoli tujing (高麗圖經, Illustrated Account of Goryeo) by Xu Jing and the Dongguk isang gukjip (東國李相國集, Collected Works of Yi Gyu-bo), they also show in detail the production method of sculptural celadon, of which knowledge is limited when relying solely on the visual observation of intact pieces. Furthermore, when complemented with scientific survey and analysis methods, such as CT imaging, these excavated findings demonstrate their scholarly significance as clues that help unveil the mysteries behind their production methods.