유럽통합에서의 양 축 : 심화와 확대 Deepening and Enlargement = Two Poles in the European Integration

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The vision of a new Europe(United States of Europe) which would transcend antagonistic nationalism finally emerged from the resistance movements which had sprung up to resist totalitarianism during the Second World War. Initially the Community's activities were confined to the creation of a common market in coal and steel between the six founder members. In that post-war period the Community was primarily seen as a way to securing peace by bringing victors and vanquished together within an institutional structure which would allow them to cooperate as equals.
In 1957, the Six decided to create an economic community, built around the free movement of workers, goods and services. The success of the Six led Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom to apply for Community membership. They were finally admitted in 1972 following difficult negotiations during which France, under General de Gaulle, used its veto twice, once in 1061 and again in 1967. This first enlargement, which increased the number of Member from six to nine in 1973, was matched by a deepening of the Community's tasks.
The need for economic convergence and monetary union became apparent in the early 1970s when the United States suspended dollar convertibility. The launch of a European Monetary System in 1979 helped stabilise exchange rates and encourage Member States to pursue strict economic policies, enabling them to give each other mutual support and benefit from the discipline imposed by an open economic area.
The Community expanded southwards with the accession of Greece in 1981 and Spain and Portugal in 1986. These enlargements made it even more imperative to implement structural programmes designed to reduce the disparities between the Twelve in terms of economic development.
The collapse of the Berlin Wall, liberation from Soviet control and subsequent democratisation of the countries of central and eastern Europe and the disintegration of the Soviet Union in December 1991, transformed the political structure of Europe. The Member States determined to strengthen their ties and negotiated a new Treaty, the main features of which were agreed at the Maastricht European Council on 9-10 December 1991. The Treaty on European Union, which entered into force on 1 November 1993, sets the Member States an ambitious programme: monetary union by 1999, new common policies, European citizenship, a common foreign and security policy and internal security.
On 1 January 1995, three further countries joined the European Union. Austria, Finland and Sweden expanded the Union with their specific characters and opened up further dimensions at the heart of central and northern Europe. The Union of Fifteen now faces two major challenges: success in enlargement to include the ten countries of central and eastern Europe and Cyprus, and use of the dynamics of monetary union which should provide the economies of the Member States with better convergence and the conditions for permanent job-creating growth.
Neither of these challenges will be overcome without considerable effort. How can a Union of more than twenty-seven members operate without the decision-making mechanisms being strengthened, and without ensuring that policies of solidarity and joint action benefit from funding which is both effective and fair? How are people from so many different backgrounds and cultures to develop the will to live together, so that they will be prepared to pool a part of their sovereignty? In more general terms, while enlargement will increase the heterogeneous nature of interests and perceptions within the Union, how will the consensus of the Member States be maintained on the major objectives set by Europeans, and the means of achieving them?
Henceforth, the Union has no choice but to progress still further along the road towards an organisation which is both efficient and democratic, capable of making decisions and taking action while preserving the identity of its constituent States. Unless it can strengthen its structures and rationalise decision-making the Union will be faced with the prospect of dilution or paralysis. A "Greater Europe" in gestation will only develop into an organised power if it is built in such a way as to be capable of speaking and acting as one.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 서론
• Ⅱ. '확대'에 대한 회원국 입장 차이와 공동체적 결과
• Ⅲ. 마스트리히트 조약 이후 회원국 확대와 새로운 유럽 질서
• Ⅳ. 결론