A´soka, the righteous : a definitive biography

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• A$$\acute S$$OKA THE RIGHTEOUS : A DEFINITIVE BIOGRAPHY
• PART I - LIFE AND CAREER OF A$$\acute S$$OKA
• Chapter One : ANTECEDENTS AND ANCESTRY
• 1.1. The Land and the People = 1
• 1.2. Ascendancy of Magadha = 3
• 1.21. Bimbis$$\bar a$$ra and Aj$$\bar a$$ta$$\acute s$$atru of the Haryanka Dynasty = 3
• 1.22. Rise of the $$\acute S$$i$$\acute s$$un$$\bar a$$ga and Nanda Dynasties = 4
• 1.3. Advent of the Mauryas = 7
• 1.4. Candragupta Maurya = 9
• 1.41. The Best-documented Ruler of the Indian Sub-continent = 9
• 1.42. Candragupta in Classical Literary Sources = 9
• 1.43. Candragupta - The Hero of a Cycle of Legends = 10
• 1.44. Candragupta's Territorial Expansion = 12
• 1.45. Relations with Seleukos Nikator = 13
• 1.46. Prosperity and Administrative Sophistication = 14
• 1.47. Candragupta as a Jaina Saint = 15
• 1.48. Chandragupta - a Colourful Personality = 15
• 1.5. Bindus$$\bar a$$ra - Son and successor of Candragupta = 16
• 1.6. R$$\bar a$$jatarangi$$\mathop n\limits_\cdot $$i on the Ancestry of A$$\acute s$$oka = 20
• 1.7. Conclusions = 20
• Chapter Two : PRINCE A$$\acute S$$OKA : THE VICEROY OF EMPEROR BINDUS$$\bar A$$RA
• 2.1. Virtual Silence = 25
• 2.2. Birth and Childhood = 26
• 2.3. Pacification of Tak$$\mathop s\limits_\cdot $$a$$\acute s$$il$$\bar a$$ = 32
• 2.4. Viceroyalty of Ujjain = 38
• 2.5. Marriage to Vedisadev$$\bar i$$ = 42
• 2.6. Historicity and Legitimacy of Mahinda and Sanghamitt$$\bar a$$ = 46
• 2.7. Authenticity of Sanghamitt$$\bar a$$ = 49
• 2.8. Conclusions = 53
• Chapter Three : ACCESSION AND CONSECRATION : THE FIRST YEARS AS A$$\acute S$$OKA THE WICKED
• 3.1. Accession = 57
• 3.11. Accession according to Sri Lankan Pali Sources = 58
• 3.12. Accession according to Northern Buddhist Sources = 59
• 3.13. Struggle for Accession = 61
• 3.2. Consecration = 65
• 3.21. Consecration Rites = 65
• 3.22. Queens and Consorts = 68
• 3.3. The First Years after Consecration = 74
• 3.31. The first years according to Sri Lankan Sources = 74
• 3.32. A$$\acute s$$oka the Wicked of the Northern Buddhist Sources = 78
• 3.33. Assessment of the two Buddhist Traditions on A$$\acute s$$oka's First Years as Emperor = 81
• 3.4. Conclusions = 85
• Chapter Four : CONVERSION TO BUDDHISM
• 4.1. Epigraphical Evidence = 89
• 4.2. Buddhist Traditions on the conversion of A$$\acute s$$oka = 92
• 4.21. A$$\acute s$$oka's Conversion according to the Northern Buddhist Sources = 92
• 4.22. A$$\acute s$$oka's Conversion according to Sri Lankan Pali Sources = 99
• 4.23. Assessment of the Two Versions = 105
• 4.3. When was A$$\acute s$$oka converted to Buddhism? = 109
• 4.31. Before or After the Kalinga War? = 109
• 4.32. Reconciling Data from A$$\acute s$$okan Inscriptions with those from Sri Lankan Pali Sources : Four Assumptions = 115
• 4.4. Conclusions = 119
• Chapter Five : A$$\acute S$$OKA AS PATRON OF BUDDHISM
• 5.1. Northern Buddhist Sources on A$$\acute s$$oka's contribution to Buddhism = 123
• 5.2. Sri Lankan Pali Sources on A$$\acute s$$oka's contribution to Buddhism = 131
• 5.3. Reconciliation of the Buddhist Traditions with Evidence from A$$\acute s$$kan Inscriptions and Archaeology = 144
• 5.31. Munificence to the Faith and Massive Building Progamme = 144
• 5.32. Pilgrimages to the Sacred Bodhi Tree and Other Shrines = 147
• 5.33. Dispersal of the Bodily Relics of the Buddha and Promotion of Relic Worship = 149
• 5.34. Care of the Sick and Provision of Medical Attention = 150
• 5.35. Disciplining and Purging the Sangha = 151
• 5.36. Third Council and the Propagation of Buddhism in Outlying Regions or Countries through Missionaries = 153
• 5.4. Conclusions = 157
• Chapter Six ; DHARMAVIJAYA - CONQUEST BY RIGHTEOUSNESS
• 6.1. Kalinga War - The Watershed of A$$\acute s$$okan Imperial Policy = 161
• 6.11. RE XIII "The Most Moving Document of any Dynastic History" = 161
• 6.12. What is Dharmavijaya? = 163
• 6.13. How A$$\acute s$$oka became a Teacher of Piety = 167
• 6.2. Objectives, Process and Targets of Dharmavijaya = 173
• 6.21. Search for a New Strategy = 173
• 6.22. Modalities of Action = 174
• 6.23. Evaluation of Product and Process = 176
• 6.24. Conclusions Derivable from PE Ⅶ = 178
• 6.3. The Initial Progress of Dharmavijaya = 179
• 6.31. Dharmalipi as Instruments of Dharmavijaya = 179
• 6.32. The Maiden Dharmalipi = 180
• 6.33. Dharmavijaya Activities of the First Three Years = 181
• 6.34. Persisting Optimism = 186
• 6.4. Reforms in Systems and Procedures = 187
• 6.41. Increasing Tilt Toward Multi-Sectarian Approach = 187
• 6.42. The Second Dharmalipi = 188
• 6.43. The Third Dharmalipi = 191
• 6.44. The Period between the Third and the Next Dharmalipi = 193
• 6.5. Conclusions = 195
• Chapter Seven : PROGRESS OF DHARMAVIJAYA IN ITS SECOND DECADE
• 7.1. Tenth Anniversary of Dharmavijaya = 201
• 7.11. The year of the Second Five-Yearly Circuit or Pilgrimage （Dharmay$$\bar a$$tra） = 201
• 7.12. The Fourth Dharmalipi in Two Versions = 202
• 7.13. The Shorter Version at Dhauli and Jaugada in Kalinga = 204
• 7.14. The Longer Version of the Fourth Dharmalipi = 208
• 7.15. Recapitulation and Appraisal of Ten Years of Experience = 214
• 7.16. Achievements of A$$\acute s$$oka in the First Decade of Dharmavijaya = 222
• 7.2. Spin-off Effects of Dharmavijaya = 226
• 7.21. The Extra-ordinary Character of RE XV and RE XVI = 226
• 7.22. RE XV : "Placate and Pacify the People of Unconquered Frontier Regions = 230
• 7.23. RE XVI : Reforms in the Administration of Justice = 233
• 7.3. A spate of Dharmalipis to mark the fifteenth anniversary of Dharmavijaya = 236
• 7.31. Why Three Dharmalipis in the Same Year? = 236
• 7.32. The Fifth Dharmalipi : "What I do for the Promotion of Dharma" = 238
• 7.33. The Sixth Dharmalipi : "Even the Condemned Criminals should have their Happiness in the Next World Guaranteed" = 241
• 7.34. The Seventh Dharmalipi : Perhaps the Oldest Proclamation of Sanctuary to Animals = 243
• 7.35. The Significance of the Three Dharmalipis on Pillars = 246
• 7.36. The Eighth Dharmalipi : The Last of the Hitherto Discovered = 252
• 7.4. Conclusions = 254
• Chapter Eight : THE LAST YEARS OF A$$\acute S$$OKA'S REIGN
• 8.1. Meagre Data from Literary Sources only = 259
• 8.11. Last Years of A$$\acute s$$oka according to Sri Lankan Pali Sources = 259
• 8.12. Last Years of A$$\acute s$$oka according to the Northern Buddhist Sources = 261
• 8.13. Review of Some Inferences and Deductions from Buddhist Stories = 267
• 8.14. Last Years of A$$\acute s$$oka's Reign = 279
• 8.2. Successors of A$$\acute s$$oka and the end of Maurya Dynasty = 281
• 8.21. Dearth of Data from Buddhist Sources = 281
• 8.22. Multiplicity of Pura$$\mathop n\limits_\cdot $$ic Versions on Successors of A$$\acute s$$oka = 284
• 8.23. Other Sources of Information on A$$\acute s$$oka's Successors = 290
• 8.24. The Most Likely Inference = 295
• 8.3. Conclusions = 296
• PART Ⅱ - SOURCES ON A$$\acute S$$OKA
• Chapter Nine : MEMORY OF A$$\acute S$$OKA IN HISTORY, LITERATURE AND LEGEND IN THE INDIAN SUB-CONTINENT
• 9.1. Sources on Life and Career of A$$\acute s$$oka = 303
• 9.2. Inscriptions of A$$\acute s$$oka = 305
• 9.21. Minor Rock Edicts = 305
• 9.22. Earlier Cave Inscriptions of Barabar Hills = 307
• 9.23. Rock Edicts on Rock Slabs or the First Series of Dharmalipis = 308
• 9.24. Separate Rock Edicts = 309
• 9.25. Minor Pillar Edicts and Pilliar Inscriptions = 310
• 9.26. The Second Series of Dharmalipis or Pillar Edicts = 311
• 9.27. The Queen's Edict = 312
• 9.28. Other Inscriptions Attributed to A$$\acute s$$oka = 312
• 9.3. Use and Interpretation of A$$\acute s$$okan Inscriptions as Historical Sources = 318
• 9.31. Pioneering Efforts : From Kern to Hultzsch = 318
• 9.32. Some Current Trends : Mookerji to Lingat = 324
• 9.4. Epigraphical Records = 328
• 9.5. A$$\acute s$$oka in the Mainstream of Indian Tradition and Literature = 330
• 9.51. Pur$$\bar a$$$$\mathop n\limits_\cdot $$as = 330
• 9.52. Kalha$$\mathop n\limits_\cdot $$a's R$$\bar a$$jatarangi$$\mathop n\limits_\cdot $$i, the Kashmirian Chronicle = 332
• 9.53. R$$\bar a$$jatarangi$$\mathop n\limits_\cdot $$i as a Source on A$$\acute s$$oka? = 336
• 9.6. Northern Buddhist Sources in Sanskrit = 341
• 9.61. Lost Sanskrit Works known from Chinese Translations = 341
• 9.62. Avad$$\bar a$$na Literature = 342
• 9.7. An overall bias in favour of the Northern Buddhist Sources of India = 346
• 9.8. Conclusions = 352
• Chapter Ten - A$$\acute S$$OKA AS KNOWN AND REMEMBERED IN CHINA AND TIBET
• 10.1. Chinese Literary Sources on A$$\acute s$$oka = 357
• 10.11. Trans1ations and Adaptations of Lost Sanskrit Works = 357
• 10.12. Chinese Works close to the Divy$$\bar a$$vad$$\bar a$$na Tradition : A-yu-wang-chuan, Tsa-a-han-king and A-yu-wang-king = 359
• 10.13. Chinese Works Reflecting Adaptations or Newer Versions of the Indian Avad$$\bar a$$nas : Fen-pie-kon-to-luen and A-yu-wang-tseu-Fa-yi-hoai-mu-yin-yuan-king = 361
• 10.2. Records of Chinese Pilgrims = 363
• 10.21. Fa-hian = 363
• 10.22. Sung-yun and Hwei-sang = 365
• 10.23. Hiuen Tsang = 365
• 10.24. I-Tsing = 374
• 10.3. Invocation of Chinese Sources for Confirmation of Evidence from other Sources = 374
• 10.4. Spurious Legends of Asoka as Propagator of Buddhism in China and the Clamour for Relics of Asoka = 382
• 10.5. A$$\acute s$$oka in Tibetan Sources = 385
• 10.51. Tanjur = 385
• 10.52. T$$\bar a$$ran$$\bar a$$tha = 386
• 10.53. Annals of Khotan = 388
• 10.54. Current Interpretations = 389
• 10.5. Conclusions = 390
• Chapter Eleven : MEMORY OF A$$\acute S$$OKA IN THE SRI LANKAN HISTORICAL TRADITION
• 11.1. Sri Lanka's Unique Contribution to A$$\acute s$$okan Studies = 393
• 11.11. Identification of Devanapiya Piyadasi = 393
• 11.12. Mishandling of Sri Lankan Pali Sources = 395
• 11.2. S$$\acute i$$ha1a-A$$\mathop t\limits_\cdot $$$$\mathop t\limits_\cdot $$hakath$$\bar a$$-Mah$$\bar a$$va$$\mathop m\limits_\cdot $$sa : The Fountainhead of the Buddhist Historical Tradition of Sri Lanka and South-East Asia = 396
• 11.3. Historical Notes and Comments in Pali Commentarial Literature = 400
• 11.31. Samantap$$\bar a$$s$$\bar a$$dik$$\bar a$$ = 401
• 11.32. Other Pali Commentaries = 407
• 11.4. Pali Chronicles of Sri Lanka = 408
• 11.41. D$$\bar i$$pava$$\mathop m\limits_\cdot $$sa = 409
• 11.42. Mah$$\bar a$$va$$\mathop m\limits_\cdot $$sa = 412
• 11.43. Va$$\mathop m\limits_\cdot $$satthappak$$\bar a$$sin$$\bar i$$ = 419
• 11.44. Cambodian or Extended Mah$$\bar a$$va$$\mathop m\limits_\cdot $$sa = 423
• 11.5. Va$$\mathop m\limits_\cdot $$sakath$$\bar a$$s and Sri Lankan Historical Tradition in Sinhala Literature = 425
• 11.51. A$$\acute s$$oka in Sri Lankan Va$$\mathop m\limits_\cdot $$sakath$$\bar a$$ Literature = 425
• 11.52. A$$\acute s$$oka in the Buddhist Narrative Literature in Sinhala = 431
• 11.53. A$$\acute s$$oka in later Historical Traditions of Sri Lanka = 436
• 11.6. Sri Lankan Historical Tradition in Therav$$\bar a$$da Buddhist Countries of South-East Asia = 441
• 11.61. The Sinhala Cultural Influence on South-East Asia = 441
• 11.62. Jinak$$\bar a$$lam$$\bar a$$l$$\bar i$$ of Thailand = 443
• 11.63. S$$\bar a$$sanava$$\mathop m\limits_\cdot $$sa of Myanmar = 445
• 11.7. External Support to the Sri Lankan Historical Tradition = 449
• 11.8. Conclusions = 452
• PART Ⅲ - A$$\acute S$$OKA'S PLACE IN HISTORY AND HIS LEGACY
• Chapter Twelve : A$$\acute S$$OKA IN HISTORY AND PERENNIAL RELEVANCE OF A$$\acute S$$OKA-DHARMA
• 12.1. A Plausible Curriculum Vitae = 459
• 12.11. Chronology of the Reign of A$$\acute s$$oka = 459
• 12.12. A Resum$$\acute e$$ of A$$\acute s$$oka's Life and Career = 465
• 12.2. A$$\acute s$$oka's Place in History = 482
• 12.21. Search for Parallels in World History : the Pre-occupation Early A$$\acute s$$okan Scholars = 482
• 12.22. Adulations of Popular Writers = 489
• 12.23. More Recent Assessments : Beni Madhab Barua, Romila Thapar and Robert Lingat = 495
• 12.24. A$$\acute s$$oka and the Decline and Fall of the Maurya Empire = 506
• 12.25. Conclusions = 509
• 12.3. The Legacy of A$$\acute s$$oka = 513
• 12.31. A Model to Emulate = 513
• 12.32. Innovations and Experiences to be Diffused and Duplicated = 517
• 12.33. Perennial Relevance of A$$\acute s$$oka-Dharma = 522
• 12.4. Conclusions = 525
• Photographs = 527
• Appendices :
• Ⅰ. Inscriptions and Dharma Documents of Asoka （English） = 545
• Ⅱ. Asoka-Lipi （Mainly Prakrit） = 583
• Ⅲ. Bibliography = 607
• Ⅳ. Glossary of Foreign Words = 645
• Index = 651