AIDS update, 2002 : an annual overview of acquired immune deficiency syndrome

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Preface = xviii
• Introduction : Histories of Global Pandemics, World AIDS Conferences, Overview of HIV／AIDS, and the AIDS Quilt = 1
• 1 Discovering AIDS, Naming the Disease = 24
• Chapter Concepts = 24
• AIDS : A Disease or a Syndrome? = 24
• What Causes AIDS? = 24
• How Does HIV Cause AIDS? = 24
• Looking Back 1.1 The New York Times and A.I.D.S., August 8, 1982 = 26
• The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Reports = 26
• Discovery of the AIDS Virus = 26
• Defining the Illness : AIDS Surveillance = 28
• Summary = 31
• Review Questions = 31
• References = 32
• 2 What Causes AIDS : Origin of the AIDS Virus = 33
• Chapter Concepts = 33
• The Cause of AIDS : The Human Immunodeficiency Virus = 33
• Box 2.1 Sex and HIV Do Not Cause AIDS! = 34
• Box 2.2 Science Takes a Backseat to Politics = 36
• Newsweek Magazine Again = 39
• What Do You Believe and Why? = 39
• Origin of HIV : The AIDS Virus = 42
• Box 2.3
• The Cause and Effect of Diseases : The Unbroken Chain = 42
• Point of Information 2.1 Scientists Report on Earliest AIDS Case = 44
• Box 2.4 Origin of HIV in Humans : A Competing Hypothesis = 48
• Summary on the Origin of HIV = 50
• Summary = 50
• Review Questions = 51
• References = 51
• 3 Biological Characteristics of the AIDS Virus = 52
• Chapter Concepts = 52
• Viruses Need Help = 52
• Viruses Are Parasites = 52
• Point of Information 3.1 Viral Specificity = 53
• Retroviruses = 53
• Human Immunodeficiency Virus(HIV) = 53
• Basic Genetic Structure of Retroviral Genomes = 56
• Genetic Revolution = 64
• Formation of Genetic Mutations in HIV = 64
• Formation of Genetic Recombination in HIV = 64
• Distinct Genotypes(Subtypes／Glades) of HIV-1 Worldwide Eased on ENV and GAG Proteins = 66
• Point of Information 3.2 Mysteries of HIV Subtypes = 68
• Point of Information 3.3 First Confirmed Cases of HIV Group O-Caused AIDS = 69
• Summary = 69
• Review Questions = 70
• References = 70
• 4 Anti-HIV Therapy = 72
• Chapter Concepts = 72
• Goals for Anti-HIV Therapy = 72
• Anti-HIV Drugs With FDA Approval = 74
• Point of View 4.1 Medical Benefit : A Cure? = 74
• FDA-Approved Nucleoside, Non-Nucleoside Analog Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors and Protease Inhibitors = 76
• Use of Non-Nucleoside Analog Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors = 81
• FDA-Approved Protease Inhibitors = 81
• Protease Inhibitors = 82
• Development and Selection of HIV Drug-Resistant Mutants = 84
• Development of Drug-Resistant Protease Inhibitors = 84
• Box 4.1 Protease Inhibitors : Extending Life ; The Downside of this Gift - Recovery? = 85
• How Combination Drug Therapy can Reduce the Chance of HIV Drug Resistance = 87
• Point of Information 4.1 The Drug Development, Approval Process, and Clinical Trials = 91
• HIV Therapy Cut-Off Points = 92
• Viral Load : Its Relationship to HIV Disease and AIDS = 92
• Sidebar 4.1 Personal Testimony on HIV Drug-Resistant Mutants = 93
• Medical Complications Associated With Anti-HIV Drug Therapies = 95
• Point of Information 4.2 Determination of Viral Load and Questions People Ask = 96
• Point to Ponder 4.1 Ration of HIV／AIDS Physicians to the Population and the HIV-Infected = 98
• Update = 98
• Sidebar 4.2 Monetary Reasons for Producing Antiretroviral Drugs = 99
• Two Most Sobering Reports on AIDS-Related Deaths = 99
• Point of Information 4.3 Current Problems Using Combination Therapy = 100
• A New Class of Antiretroviral Drugs in Progress : Cell Entry HIV Inhibitors = 103
• Fusion Inhibitors = 103
• Box 4.2 Can Combination Therapy Using Nucleoside Analogs with Protease Inhibitors Cure HIV Disease? = 105
• Pediatric Anti-HIV Therapy = 107
• Box 4.3 Testing of Anti-HIV Drugs for Post Exposure Prevention = 106
• Protease Inhibitors and Pregnancy = 107
• Disclaimer = 107
• Summary = 107
• Some AIDS Therapy Information Hotlines = 108
• Other Organizations and Websites = 108
• Review Questions = 110
• References = 110
• 5 The Immunology of HIV Disease／AIDS = 113
• Chapter Concepts = 113
• The Immune System = 113
• Development of Human Immune System Cells = 113
• Point of Information 5.1 Class Ⅰ and Class Ⅱ Proteins = 115
• Box 5.1 How Large Is a Trillion? = 116
• Human Lymphocytes : T Cells and B Cells = 117
• Antibodies and Viruses = 118
• Box 5.2 To Understand the Difference Between Health and Disease, People Need To Understand the Immune System! = 119
• Sidebar 5.1 Measures and Countermeasures : The Human Immune System vs. Viruses = 125
• Antibodies and HIV Disease = 125
• Point of Information 5.2 The Big Questions = 126
• Point of Information 5.3 What Are Cell Receptors? = 127
• Immune System Dysfunction = 127
• Point of Information 5.4 The First Look at How HIV's gp120 Envelope Glycoprotein Changes Shape to Attach to CD4 and Chemokine Receptors = 128
• FUSIN or CXCKR-4(R4) = 130
• CC-CKR-5(R-5) Receptor = 130
• Sidebar 4.2 Rantes : A Double-Edged Molecule = 131
• CCKR-2(R-2) and CCKR-3(R-3) Receptors = 131
• Genetic Resistance to HIV Infection = 131
• T4 Cell Depletion and Immune Suppression = 134
• Box 5.3 Cofactors Expedite HIV Infection = 134
• Impact of T4 Cell Depletion = 136
• Role of Monocytes and Macrophages in HIV Infection = 137
• Summary = 140
• Review Questions = 141
• References = 141
• 6 Opportunistic Infections and Cancers Associated with HIV Disease／AIDS = 144
• Chapter Concepts = 144
• What is an Opportunistic Disease? = 144
• The Prevalence of Opportunistic Diseases = 145
• Prophylaxis Against Opportunistic Infections = 145
• Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected People = 145
• Point of Information 6.1 The Changing Spectrum of Opportunistic Infections = 147
• Box 6.1 A Physician's Agonizing Dilemma = 155
• Point of Information 6.2 Viruses Associated With Cancer = 159
• Box 6.2 Life Goes On! = 160
• Cancer in AIDS Patients = 162
• Point of Information 6.3 Classification of Lymphomas = 165
• Neuropathies in HIV Disease／AIDS Patients = 166
• Disclaimer = 166
• Summary = 166
• Review Questions = 167
• References = 167
• HIV／AIDS Self-Education Quiz = 169
• 7 A Profile of Biological Indicators for HIV Disease and Progression to AIDS = 170
• Chapter Concepts = 170
• HIV Disease Defined = 170
• Case in Point 7.1 Variation of Initial Symptoms After HIV Infection = 171
• Stages of HIV Disease = 171
• Point of Information 7.1 One Mistake Cost Him His Life = 175
• HIV Disease Without Symptoms, With Symptoms, and AIDS = 178
• Sidebar 7.1 Primary Case Presentations = 178
• Aspects of HIV Infection = 179
• Production of HIV-Specific Antibodies = 179
• Box 7.1 Evolution of HIV During HIV Disease Progression = 180
• Box 7.2 Development of AIDS Over Time = 182
• Box 7.3 Are There Long-Term Adult Nonprogressors of HIV Disease - Yes! - Why ? = 184
• Prognostic Biological Markers Related to AIDS Progression = 186
• Point of Information 7.2 Viral Load and T4 Cell Counts : Their Use in Clinical Practice = 189
• HIV Infection of the Central Nervous System = 190
• Pediatric Clinical Signs and Symptoms = 191
• Summary = 192
• Review Questions = 192
• References = 193
• 8 Epidemiology and Transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus = 195
• Chapter Concepts = 195
• HIV as a Communicable Disease = 196
• Looking Back 8.1 Public Opinion on How the New Disease - AIDS - Was Transmitted June 1983 = 196
• We Must Stop HIV Transmission Now! = 197
• Epidemiology of HIV Infection = 197
• Transmission of Two Strains of HIV(HIV-1／HIV-2) = 197
• Is HIV Transmitted by Insects? = 198
• Point of Information 8.1 Consequences of Ignoring HIV = 199
• HIV Transmission = 199
• HIV Transmission in Family／Household Settings = 199
• Box 8.1 A Neighbor's Story : Public Image, Public Fear = 200
• Noncasual Transmission = 201
• Looking Back 8.2 Federal Study Committee Advises the Food and Drug Administration on the Acceptance of Blood Donations in the Time of AIDS, July 1983 = 205
• Point of Information 8.2 Danger of HIV Infection via Artificial Insemination = 206
• Box 8.2 HIV／AIDS Roulette = 210
• Box 8.3 Gay Men Putting Themselves at High Risk for HIV Infection = 217
• Point of Information 8.3 Distribution of HIV-Contaminated Blood : France, Germany, the United States, and Other Countries = 221
• Box 8.4 Sports and HIV／AIDS : Earvin "Magic" Johnson and Other Athletes = 221
• United States : Heterosexual IDU = 226
• Box 8.5 HIV Transmission : Preparation and Use of Injection Drugs = 231
• Box 8.6 Assault with HIV = 232
• Sidebar 8.1 HIV Terrorism, Johannesburg, South Africa = 235
• Sidebar 8.2 Mexican Doctors Transplant HIV-Infected Kidneys = 236
• Point of View 8.1 Probably the Number One Risk Cofactor for HIV Is a Sexually Transmitted Disease(STD) = 238
• Case in Point 8.1 When the Wonderful News "You're Pregnant" Becomes a Tragedy = 241
• Caesarean Section = 242
• Box 8.7 Is Breast Feeding Policy for Women in Undeveloped Nations Changing? = 242
• Public Confidence : Acceptance of Current Dogma on Routes of HIV Transmission = 243
• Box 8.8 HIV and Senior Citizens = 243
• National AIDS Resources = 244
• Summary = 245
• Review Questions = 245
• References = 246
• 9 Preventing the Transmission of HIV = 250
• Chapter Concepts = 250
• Prevention, Not Treatment, Is the Least Expensive and Most Effective Way to Stop the Spread of AIDS = 250
• Global Prevention = 250
• Prevention of Infectious Diseases : HIV／AIDS = 251
• Preventing the Transmission of HIV = 252
• Box 9.1 HIV Prevention Education - United States = 253
• Looking Back 9.1 The "Magic" Event : A Force for Prevention, November 1991 = 254
• Behavioral Change = 255
• New Rules to an Old Game : Promoting Safer Sex = 257
• Box 9.2 HIV／AIDS Prevention Works? = 258
• Sidebar 9.1 Two Anecdotes on Condom Use in South Africa = 260
• Point to Ponder 9.1 Education Versus Risk : It's Not What You Know, It's What You Do = 262
• Point of Information 9.1 Clarifying the Issues over Condom Use = 263
• Point of Information 9.2 Questions and Answers About the female Condom = 269
• Injection Drug Use and HIV Transmission : The Twin Epidemics = 270
• HIV Prevention for Injection Drug Users = 270
• Box 9.3 The Controversy : Providing Sterile Syringes and Needles to Injection Drug Users(IDUs) = 273
• Prevention of Blood and Blood Product HIV Transmission = 276
• Infection Control Procedures = 277
• Box 9.4 Americans Support Sex Education and Condoms in Schools and in TV Ads, and Needle Exchange Programs = 278
• Box 9.5 Blood Transfusions : A Gift of Life or the Carrier of Death? = 279
• Partner Notification = 281
• Point of View 9.1 The Goal of Developing an HIV Vaccine = 284
• Vaccine Development = 284
• Vaccine Production = 286
• DNA Vaccine = 286
• Point of Information 9.3 HIV Vaccine : Prevention and Therapy = 287
• Problems in the Search for HIV Vaccine = 289
• Human HIV Vaccine Trials = 290
• Update 2001／2002 Vaccinology Break-through = 292
• Summary = 293
• Review Questions = 294
• References = 294
• 10 Prevalence of HIV Infections, AIDS Cases, and Deaths Among Select Groups in the United States and AIDS in Other Countries = 298
• Chapter Concepts = 298
• A Word About Data = 298
• The Millennium : Year 2002 = 299
• Formula for Estimating HIV Infections = 300
• Behavioral Risk Groups and Statistical Evaluation = 302
• Box 10.1 The HIV／AIDS Scenario = 303
• Point to Ponder 10.1 On the Down Low = 307
• Sidebar 10.1 The Latino Community = 309
• Point of Information 10.1 Where Older Patients With HIV Disease Can Get Help = 315
• Estimates of HIV Infection and Future AIDS Cases = 316
• Box 10.2 HIV／AIDS Data Collection and Deficiencies = 317
• Point of View 10.1 Justification for HIV Case Reporting in the United States = 318
• Newly Infected = 318
• U. S. Estimates Lead to Confusion. Whose Figures Are Correct? : Issues of Credibility = 321
• Shape of the HIV Pandemic : United States = 322
• Shape of AIDS Pandemic : United States = 323
• Estimates of Deaths and Years of Potential Life Lost Due to AIDS in the United States = 325
• Sidebar 10.2 No AIDS-Related Obituaries : First Time in 17 Years = 326
• Looking Back 10.1 = 327
• United States - Who Is Dying of AIDS? = 328
• Life Expectancy = 329
• Connected But Separate = 329
• Africa Is Dying Through Darwinian Perversion = 332
• Other Time Bombs : China, India, and Russia = 333
• Summary = 333
• Resources = 334
• Review Questions = 335
• References = 335
• 11 Prevalence of HIV Infection and AIDS Cases Among Women, Children, and Teenagers in the United States = 338
• Chapter Concepts = 338
• Women and AIDS Worldwide = 339
• Point of Information 11.1 Africa : Poverty and Rituals Lead to the Spread of HIV = 340
• Women : HIV-Positive and AIDS Cases - United States = 341
• Point of Information 11.2 Profile : Women With HIV／AIDS in the United States = 341
• Point of Information 11.3 HIV Infection Among Women = 344
• Box 11.1 Women + Sexual Partners + Deception ＝ AIDS = 345
• Point of View 11.1 One Woman's Comments on Her HIV Disease Treatments = 348
• Point of Information 11.4 Pregnant of Women and Knowledge of HIV Transmission = 349
• Box 11.2 Ruth's Poem = 350
• Internet = 350
• Box 11.3 HIV-Infected Women : Difficult Choices During Pregnancy = 351
• Pediatric HIV-Positive and AIDS Cases - United States = 352
• Orphaned Children Due to HIV Infection and AIDS = 354
• Looking Back 11.1 Adoption Advertisements for Parents with AIDS = 355
• Sidebar 11.1 Central America - Honduras = 356
• Point to Ponder 11.1 Disturbing Thoughts = 359
• Box 11.4 Johannesburg, South Africa = 360
• Global HIV Infections in Young Adults = 360
• Point of View 11.2 Perils of Unsafe Sex = 362
• Teenagers : HIV-Positive and AIDS Cases - United States = 362
• HIV／AIDS Won't Affect Us! = 363
• Point of Information 11.5 HIV-Infected Children : Living Longer - Paying a Price = 363
• Point of Information 11.6 Federal Public Health Policy Supports Abstinence-Only Program : Education Sex = 364
• Box 11.5 HIV Spreading Rapidly Among Teenage Gay Males = 365
• Box 11.6 Teenagers and HIV／AIDS in Africa = 366
• Point of View 11.3 Thoughts and Comments from a Generation at Risk = 366
• Sidebar 11.2 Can Life Get Worse Than Being Young, Homeless, and Dying of AIDS? = 367
• Summary = 368
• Internet = 368
• Other Useful Sources = 368
• Review Questions = 368
• References = 369
• 12 Testing for Human Immunodeficiency Virus = 371
• Chapter Concepts = 371
• Determining the Presence of Antibody Produced When HIV Is Present = 372
• Requests for HIV Testing = 372
• Sidebar 12.1 Annual National HIV Testing Day = 372
• Reasons for HIV Testing = 372
• Avoiding HIV Testing = 373
• Immunodiagnostic Techniques for Detecting Antibodies to HIV = 373
• ELISA HIV Antibody Test = 373
• Box 12.1 An Assumption of AIDS Without the HIV Test : It Shatters Lives = 374
• Looking Back 12.1 The Miami Herald and Chicago Tribune, 1985 = 375
• Understanding the ELISA Test = 376
• Point of Information 12.1 HIV Testing of Teenagers = 378
• Box 12.2 Pretest Patient Information = 380
• Point of Information 12.2 Improved ELISA Testing, Blood Donor Interviews, Screening for p24 Antigen, and Nucleic Acid Testing Lower HIV in Nation's Blood Supply = 382
• Western Blot Assay = 385
• Box 12.3 The Performance Rate for the Combined ELISA and Western Blot HIV Test = 386
• Other Screening and Confirmatory Tests = 387
• Point of Information 12.3 New ELISA Testing Procedures Reveal Early vs. Late HIV Infection = 388
• Point of View 12.1 Some Relative Drawbacks to the Current HIV Screening Test - ELISA／Western Blot = 389
• Rapid HIV Testing = 392
• Point of Information 12.4 Caution Regarding Rapid Tests = 392
• Sidebar 12.2 Blood vs. Urine : Outcome of HIV Test May Differ(Discordant Results) = 394
• Viral Load : Measuring HIV RNA = 395
• Sidebar 12.3 Viral Load Detection Problems = 397
• Detection of HIV Infection in Newborns = 397
• FDA Approves Two Home HIV Antibody Test Kits = 397
• Reporting HIV Infections = 399
• Sidebar 12.5 Federal Trade Commission Warns of Poor HIV Home Test Kits = 399
• Who Should Be Tested for HIV Infection? = 400
• Why Is HIV Test Information Necessary? = 401
• Box 12.4 The Physician's Dilemma = 401
• Point of Information 12.5 Black Ministers Lead by Example = 402
• Point of Information 12.6 U.S. Public Health Service(USPHS) Recommendations for HIV Counseling and Voluntary Testing for All Pregnant Women = 404
• Point of Information 12.7 A Weak Link in HIV Testing = 405
• Testing Competency, and Informed Consent = 405
• Box 12.5 Boxer Stripped of Featherweight Title After Positive HIV Test = 405
• Box 12.6 Florida : Health Care Worker Leaks Confidential HIV Information = 408
• Point of Information 12.8 Legislature Survey of State Confidentiality Laws = 409
• Person-to-Person : Disclosure of HIV Infection = 410
• Box 12.7 Confidentiality and Sexual Partner Betrayal = 410
• Summary = 411
• Review Questions = 411
• References = 412
• 13 AIDS and Society : Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior = 414
• Chapter Concepts = 414
• The New Millennium and HIV／AIDS = 414
• HIV／AIDS Is an Unusual Disease = 415
• AIDS Is Here to Stay = 415
• AIDS = 415
• Sidebar 13.1 A Mother's Nightmare = 416
• Blame Someone, D$$\acute e$$j$$\grave a$$ Vu = 416
• Fear : Panic and Hysteria Over the Spread of HIV／AIDS in the United States = 417
• Actions of Courage = 418
• Whom Is the General Public to Believe? = 418
• Box 13.1 Examples of Uncontrolled Fear and Hostility = 419
• Point of View 13.1 A Southern University Student's Experience = 421
• Box 13.1 How Some People Responded After Learning That Someone Had AIDS = 423
• AIDS Education and Behavior = 425
• Point of View 13.2 Hatred Expressed = 426
• Point of View 13.3 Newspaper Headline Shocks Readers = 426
• Box 13.3 When One with AIDS Comes Forth = 427
• Point of Information 13.1 After 20 years, Americans Still Say AIDS Is a Top Health Concern for the Nation and the World = 429
• Box 13.4 The Way We Are = 430
• Box 13.5 Anecdote : Father and Son Exchange Sex Information = 430
• Point of View 13.4 The Red Ribbon = 431
• Sidebar 13.2 Recommended Film : Dawn's Gift = 432
• Looking Back 13.1 = 432
• Sidebar 13.3 Examples of Adult Reactions to HIV／AIDS vs. the Courts = 433
• Point of View 13.5 The Right to Privacy = 435
• The Character of Society = 436
• Point of Information 13.2 Dealing With Discrimination : The Americans With Disabilities Act = 440
• Point of Information 13.3 HIV Transmitted by Australian and French Surgeons = 442
• Box 13.6 My First AIDS Experience = 444
• Point of Information 13.4 Current View of Health Care Workers Who Are HIV-Infected = 445
• Federal and Private Sector Financing : Creation of an AIDS Industry = 446
• U. S. Government Believes HIV／AIDS Is a Threat to National Security = 448
• Point of Information 13.5 Early Global Response to AIDS and National Security = 449
• Global HIV／AIDS Funding for Africa = 449
• Summary = 453
• Review Questions = 454
• References = 454
• Epilogue = 456
• Answers to Review Questions = 459
• Glossary = 465
• Index = 473