중국 남북조시대 불교의례의 육시(六時) 규정 = The regulation of the six periods of Buddhist rituals during the Northern and Southern dynasties in China

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The most basic Buddhist ritual is the Buddhist worship. In Chinese Buddhism, six periods of worship(六時禮佛) has traditionally been practiced since the Dao’an(道安) of the East Jin Dynasty (東晉) stipulated the practice of rituals at six periods. The six periods constitute a time zone dividing day and night into three equal parts, a concept found in Nikāyas, Āgamas, and Vinayapiṭaka. Additionally, the custom of Buddhist worship at six periods was already specified in literature such as Sizhupiposha-Lun(十住毘婆沙論). Therefore, Dao’an’s establishment of the six periods of worship is not his own creations but was enacted based on customs already practiced in India. Meanwhile, it can be confirmed through the Monastic Regulations(sengzhi 僧制) that worshiping at six periods was performed in Buddhist orders during the Northern and Southern dynasties after Dao’an, with related contents stipulated in the tiantai(天台) Buddhist sect‘s lizhifa(立制法) and sanjiejiao(三階敎)’s zhifa(制法). Each Monastic Regulations specifies the detailed aspects of the Buddhist worship that must be performed at each time of the six periods, and through this, it can be seen that there were differences in the Buddhist worship performed by each Buddhist orders, as well as the Buddhist worship performed at each time of six periods. In particular, these two Monastic Regulations share a commonality in ensuring a period of sleep during the nighttime. This illustrates that the six periods were not merely conceptual divisions of time, and the regulators took into account the practical aspects of practitioners by performing the six periods of worship.