고려-송의 해상 교역로와 청자 교역 = Maritime Trade Routes and Celadon Exchange Between the Goryeo and Song Dynasties

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This paper explores how the maritime trade routes between the Goryeo (918~1392) and Song (960~1279) dynasties changed over time and analyzes the reasons behind why Goryeo celadon came to be considered a luxury ware in the late Northern Song (960~1127) and Southern Song (1127~1279) periods. In the late Tang (618~907) and Five Dynasties period (907~960), Goryeo sent envoys to the northern regions to establish diplomatic ties, and upon the Song dynasty’s unification of China, diplomatic relations were actively developed. Maritime trade routes between the two countries included the northern route and the southern route, with primarily the northern route being used from the tenth to mid-eleventh centuries. However, use of the northern route required envoys to travel by land from the coastal prefecture of Dengzhou to the capital of Kaifeng, which proved an uncomfortable journey for the envoys who had to carry a great amount of tributary offerings. Under such circumstances, and in order to avoid the Khitans, Goryeo requested the use of the southern route, which was accepted by Song in 1073. By using the southern route, Goryeo was able to more easily access Kaifeng via the canals.
After the war of Jingkang (靖康之變, 1126), the perception of Goryeo celadon in Song China also changed. Initially, the people of Song had only a basic awareness that celadon was being produced in Korea. However, after the compilation of the Gaoli tujing (高麗圖經, K. Goryeo dogyeong, Illustrated Report on Goryeo) by the Song envoy who visited Goryeo Xu Jing (徐兢) in 1124, it became more widely known that the jade-green color of Goryeo celadon matched that of Ru ware (汝窯), thus changing the opinions on Goryeo celadon. After Ru ware ceased to be produced following Song’s loss of the Yuzhou region to the Jin (金) dynasty, Goryeo’s jade-green celadon came to be recognized as a replacement ware. This is confirmed by the fact that during the early thirteenth century, Goryeo celadon was recorded as an ordinary item in the import list of the Song dynasty, yet in the late thirteenth century it was recognized as a luxury product. It is also confirmed through the Goryeo celadon potsherds excavated from the site of the Lin’an Imperial Palace of Southern Song.