Engineer's guide to high-temperature superconductivity

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Preface = xiii
• CHAPTER 1 A BRIEF HISTORY OF SUPERCONDUCTIVITY = 1
• Early investigations of Metallic Resistivity = 1
• Heike Kamerlingh Onnes = 2
• H-Field Expulsion : Two-Fluid Model = 7
• $$\acute E$$migr$$\acute e$$ Scientists = 7
• The London Brothers = 8
• Pippard : Nonlocal Effects = 9
• BCS Theory : The Great Enlightenment = 11
• At Last : Piratical High-Field Superconductors = 14
• Ivar Giaever : Single-Electron Tunneling = 15
• Brian Josephson ; Pair Tunneling = 18
• Computer Applications = 21
• Perovskite-Related Structures = 22
• High-Temperature Superconductivity ; Bednorz and M$$\ddot u$$ller = 22
• Hitting the Jackpot in Alabama = 24
• Bismuth and Thallium Compounds = 30
• High-Temperature Superconductivity without Copper = 33
• Pb-Sr-(RE)-Cu-O : Superconducting Smorgasbord? = 34
• Research : Goals and Support = 35
• The Long View = 36
• References = 37
• CHAPTER 2 THE PHENOMENA OF SUPERCONDUCTIVITY FUNDAMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS = 41
• Introduction = 41
• Zero Resistivity, Meissner Effect = 42
• Two Broad Categories of Superconductors = 45
• Two Fluid Models = 46
• Characteristic Lengths (λ and ζ) = 51
• Critical Temperature, $$T_c$$ = 56
• Flux Quantization = 57
• Ginzburg-Landau Wave Function = 59
• Paired Electrons, Isotopic Mass = 61
• Energy Gap, Δ = 62
• Relationship between Transition Temperature ($$T_c$$), Debye Temperature($$\Θ_D$$D), and Energy Gap(Δ) = 62
• Critical Thermodynamic Magnetic Field, $$H_c$$ = 65
• Critical Current Density, $$J_c$$ = 67
• AC Losses in Superconductors = 82
• Conductivity : By the Two-Fluid Model = 88
• Electron(Giaever) Tunneling = 90
• Pair Tunneling : the DC Josephson Effect = 91
• The AC Josephson Effect = 93
• Josephson Equations = 93
• Summary = 95
• Referneces = 96
• CHAPTER 3 HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS = 99
• Introduction = 99
• Definitions = 100
• Lanthanum-Barium-Cooper Oxide = 100
• La-Sr-Cu-O = 102
• Yttrium-Barium-Cooper Oxide and Related Compounds = 103
• Bismuth and Thallium Systems = 128
• Liquid Nitrogen ; A Suitable Cryogen? = 133
• High-$$T_c$$ without Copper = 133
• L$$a_2$$Cu$$O_4$$ : Transient Superconductivity? = 134
• Room-Temperature Suerconductors : Will-o'-the-Wisp? = 135
• Summary = 137
• References = 138
• CHAPTER 4 APPLICATIONS OF SUPERCONDUCTORS = 148
• Introduction = 148
• First Applications for High-$$T_c$$ Materials : Electronics = 150
• SQUIDs and Josephson Magnetometers = 152
• Josephson Tunneling Devices as Switches = 158
• Rationale for Using Josephson Technology in Computers = 160
• Basic Josephson Junction Characteristic = 160
• Logic Gates = 163
• Computer Memory = 167
• The "parametron" : Parametric Oscillations and Digital Applications = 168
• Low-Energy Analog and rf Applications = 172
• Other Analog and Hybrid Applications = 175
• The HYPRE$$S^ⓡ$$ Instrumentation = 181
• Cryotrons : For Slow Switching = 184
• High-Energy Applications = 189
• Superconducting Magnets : Design Considerations = 192
• NMR／MRI Superconducting Magnet Applications = 201
• Magnetic Separation = 202
• Magnetic Levitation(MAGLEV) = 202
• Marine Propulsion : Motors and Magnetohydrogynamics = 207
• Utility and Relates Applications = 209
• Particle Accelerators = 219
• Antennas, Waveguides = 226
• Detection of Visible Light and Infra-Red = 227
• Magnetic Shielding = 235
• Summary = 240
• References = 242
• CHAPTER 5 PROCESSING OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS = 250
• Introduction = 250
• Sample Material Preparation = 250
• Superconducting Films = 254
• Preparation of Single Crystal High-$$T_c$$ Samples = 264
• Use of Fluoprine in 1-2-3 Processing = 266
• Substrates = 267
• Useful Configurations for High-$$T_c$$ Superconductors = 268
• Bismuth-System Processing = 269
• In Combination with Semiconductors = 275
• Thallium Processing-Proceed with Caution! = 277
• References = 277
• CHAPTER 6 MEASUREMENTS = 283
• Introduction = 283
• Temperature Measurement = 283
• Useful Materials for Cryogenic Experiments = 292
• Measurement of Resistivity in Superconductors = 293
• Electrical Contacts = 294
• Normal Conductors = 297
• Single Crystals : A Special Measurement Problem = 298
• Thermal Analysis = 299
• Noncontact Characterization of Superconductors = 300
• References = 312
• CHAPTER 7 SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS = 316
• Introduction = 316
• Cryogens = 317
• Toxicity of Materials : Thallium = 318
• References = 321
• APPENDIX A REVIEW OF BASIC ELECTRICAL AND MAGNETIC THEORY = 323
• Introduction = 323
• Units = 323
• Current Flow and Temperature-Mediated Resistivity = 323
• The Magnetic Fields(B, H, M, A) = 326
• Magnetic Susceptibility, Χ = 327
• Energy in Static Electric and magnetic Fields = 329
• The Hall Effect = 329
• Time-Varying Fields = 331
• Loss in Dielectrics : Complex permittivity = 333
• Complex Magnetic Susceptibility = 336
• Surface resistance($$R_s$$) and Skin Depth (δ) = 336
• Resonant Structure = 338
• References = 340
• APPENDIX B UNIT AND CONVERSIONS = 342
• Magnetic Fields and Units : A Brief Review = 342
• Gaussian and CGS Conventions = 343
• Conversion of Expressions from Gaussian to SI Units = 343
• Magnetic Parameters and Units = 346
• References = 346
• APPENDIX C GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND SYMBOLS = 348
• General Constants = 348
• Electromagnetism(Standard international Units) = 349
• Superconductivity-Related Terms Defined = 350
• Mathematical Operations : Vector Notation = 352
• Prefixes for Units in the SI System = 353
• APPENDIX D SUPERCONDUCTOR-RELATED PRODUCTS, SERVICES, PUBLICATIONS, AND ASSOCIATIONS = 354
• Providers of Goods and Services = 354
• General Publications = 370
• Technical, Scientific, and Trade Journals = 375
• Societies and Associations = 377
• APPENDIX E TEMPERATURE SCALES : CONVERSIONS = 379
• APPENDIX F PEROVSKITES = 381
• Origins = 381
• Existing Applications = 381
• Perovskite Structure = 381
• Variations from the Ideal Form = 383
• YB$$a_2$$C$$u_3$$$$O_{7-δ}$$ : An Oxygen-Deficient Perovskite = 384
• References = 386
• APPENDIX G NOVEL SUPERCONDUCTORS = 387
• "Gapless" Superconductors = 387
• F-Electron Systems = 387
• References = 388
• APPENDIX H MISCELLANEOUS FEATURES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS = 389
• Specific Heat = 389
• Thermal Conductivity, Variations below $$T_c$$ = 391
• Thermoelectric Effects = 393
• References = 394
• LIST OF FIGURES = 395
• SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY = 401
• INDEX = 443