고려의 정치제도와 권력관계－통일신라의 정치제도와 비교－ = Goryeo Dynasty’s Political System and Its Power Structure －A Comparative study examining both Goryeo and Unified Silla－

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In this article, the political system and the power structure of Goryeo are compared with those of the Unified Silla dynasty.
The Jungseo Munha-seong and Sangseo-seong of the Goryeo dynasty were founded during the king Seongjong. They were directly modeled after their Chinese counterparts(the “Three Seong and Six Bu” system), as devices which would ensure that Confucian ideals (documented in the Dang dynasty’s 『Jeong-gwan Jeong-yo』) be realized in Goryeo politics and institutions. Silla was also under influences of the Chinese political system, yet it never adopted the Chinese system wholeheartedly, as Silla was still using the Golpum system.
The number of regular offices established in the Goryeo government was actually smaller than that of the Silla government. And running the country with such small number of offices turned out to be a bit of a problem. Also, adopting a Chinese political system had its own share of problems as well, as in design the Chinese system showed some elements that were simply inadequate to be applied to Goryeo-specific situations. So, other than the regular offices, ‘Temporary offices’ had to be set up, operated and dismantled on a regular basis, to meet all the necessities of the operation of the government.
In Silla, among regular offices there were more offices related to the royal family than offices unrelated to the royal family and designated to oversee administrative matters. As a result, royal family-related offices operated independently from the administrative offices, and more importantly, oversaw administrative affairs of the dynasty themselves. On the other hand, in Goryeo all the royal family-related offices, even including the ones which had been in charge of managing the personal life of the kings and the kings’ relatives, were all replaced by purely administrative offices that had no attachment to the royal family. This shows us that the authority of the Goryeo king was indeed more strengthened than that of the Silla king (free from the weight of the royal family), and the ‘public and official nature’ of the offices were significantly enforced as a result.
In Silla, the Golpum system granted the Jin-gol nobility with considerable amount of power, and the king and the Dupum(頭品) used to find themselves in very disadvantageous situations. Yet in Goryeo, the Golpum practice was abandoned, and such change allowed the king and other governmental officials to wield more power. Goryeo also not allowed the royal family members to participate in governing, so their political influences remained rather limited. On the other hand, the authority of the king was significantly enhanced, and other governmental officials came to enjoy a stronger political stand as well. Some of their houses even established a long term marital relationship with the Goryeo royal family.
Yet with the abolition of the Golpum system, and with the authority of the blood-nobility gone, increased clashes and conflicts became a new probability inside the government and inside the ruling party, so such concerns prompted the Goryeo king and the governmental officials to seek for agreements and compromises in their governing, to avoid unnecessary confrontations that could bring the government to a halt. With similar intentions, a comprehensive remonstration system was designed and commissioned as well, in order to monitor the illegal and inappropriate actions on the kings’ and officials’ part.
This so-called “Consultation politics” can be seen even in Silla. In case of Silla, the heads of senior offices were manned by officials bearing other titles at the same time, and were also occupied by more than one person at a time. Such considerations were also apparent from the dynastic council’s fashion of convening and operating. Then, as it came to the time of Goryeo, more elaborate devices to accommodate such Consultation politics appeared. Both regular and temporary offices made it a p...

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In this article, the political system and the power structure of Goryeo are compared with those of the Unified Silla dynasty.
The Jungseo Munha-seong and Sangseo-seong of the Goryeo dynasty were founded during the king Seongjong. They were directly modeled after their Chinese counterparts(the “Three Seong and Six Bu” system), as devices which would ensure that Confucian ideals (documented in the Dang dynasty’s 『Jeong-gwan Jeong-yo』) be realized in Goryeo politics and institutions. Silla was also under influences of the Chinese political system, yet it never adopted the Chinese system wholeheartedly, as Silla was still using the Golpum system.
The number of regular offices established in the Goryeo government was actually smaller than that of the Silla government. And running the country with such small number of offices turned out to be a bit of a problem. Also, adopting a Chinese political system had its own share of problems as well, as in design the Chinese system showed some elements that were simply inadequate to be applied to Goryeo-specific situations. So, other than the regular offices, ‘Temporary offices’ had to be set up, operated and dismantled on a regular basis, to meet all the necessities of the operation of the government.
In Silla, among regular offices there were more offices related to the royal family than offices unrelated to the royal family and designated to oversee administrative matters. As a result, royal family-related offices operated independently from the administrative offices, and more importantly, oversaw administrative affairs of the dynasty themselves. On the other hand, in Goryeo all the royal family-related offices, even including the ones which had been in charge of managing the personal life of the kings and the kings’ relatives, were all replaced by purely administrative offices that had no attachment to the royal family. This shows us that the authority of the Goryeo king was indeed more strengthened than that of the Silla king (free from the weight of the royal family), and the ‘public and official nature’ of the offices were significantly enforced as a result.
In Silla, the Golpum system granted the Jin-gol nobility with considerable amount of power, and the king and the Dupum(頭品) used to find themselves in very disadvantageous situations. Yet in Goryeo, the Golpum practice was abandoned, and such change allowed the king and other governmental officials to wield more power. Goryeo also not allowed the royal family members to participate in governing, so their political influences remained rather limited. On the other hand, the authority of the king was significantly enhanced, and other governmental officials came to enjoy a stronger political stand as well. Some of their houses even established a long term marital relationship with the Goryeo royal family.
Yet with the abolition of the Golpum system, and with the authority of the blood-nobility gone, increased clashes and conflicts became a new probability inside the government and inside the ruling party, so such concerns prompted the Goryeo king and the governmental officials to seek for agreements and compromises in their governing, to avoid unnecessary confrontations that could bring the government to a halt. With similar intentions, a comprehensive remonstration system was designed and commissioned as well, in order to monitor the illegal and inappropriate actions on the kings’ and officials’ part.
This so-called “Consultation politics” can be seen even in Silla. In case of Silla, the heads of senior offices were manned by officials bearing other titles at the same time, and were also occupied by more than one person at a time. Such considerations were also apparent from the dynastic council’s fashion of convening and operating. Then, as it came to the time of Goryeo, more elaborate devices to accommodate such Consultation politics appeared. Both regular and temporary offices made it a princip...

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