고려말 이성계의 정적 = Yi Sung-gye’s Political Opponents in Late Goryeo

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

After marching back from Wiwha Island, Yi Sung-gye(이성계) and his faction attacked people who had different political views from them. Roughly speaking, the people who were continuously faced political attack from Yi Sung-gye’s(이성계) faction were Choi Young(최영) and his associates, King U’s(우왕) relatives by marriage, Yi Saek(이색)’s and Chong Mong-ju’s(정몽주) groups, King Kongyang’s(공양왕) close associates, and influential military officials. They opposed to abolition of Sajon(사전혁파) and boycott of Buddhism(불교배척).
The great part of people who faced death as Yi Sung-gye’s opponents were military officials. In addition to Choi Young(최영) and his associates, influential military officials who even participated in Yi Sung-gye’s marching back from Wiwha Island, were removed. Having been removed by Yi Sung-gye, military officials who played active political roles in Goryeo Dynasty could not be seen in Dynastic Foundation Merit Subjects(개국공신) of Choson Dynasty. Most of military officials who became Dynastic Foundation Merit Subjects of Choson Dynasty were Yi Sung-gye’s subordinates.
Among Yi Sung-gye’s political opponents, not a few were the men who had maintained close relationship with Yi Sung-gye. Not to mention Cheong Mong-ju(정몽주) who acted as an agent combining civil officials with Yi Sung-gye politically, Yi Saek(이색) was the man who was inquired political consultation from Yi Sung-gye right after his marching back from Wihwa Island. Choi Young also related with Yi Sung-gye for a while. It was reasonable considering the fact that Yi Sung-gye seized political power as an official of Goryeo Dynasty. And men of Yi Sung-gye’s faction and their political opponents were closely related through civil service examinations(과거). Yi Sung-gye’s faction even contained confidants of Yi In-im(이인임) and Choi Young. The fact reveals that members of either opposing or assisting to Yi Sung-gye were not different from each other in their social and political backgrounds. This conclusion discloses that the existing interpretation which insisted that New Literati(사대부), who emerged at Late Goryeo, most of whom came from the ranks of the petty functionaries(향리) and small or middle-level landowners(중소지주), drove out the Powerful Families(권문세족) who were Pro-Yuan, possessing high positions, vast estates, and hundreds of slaves and created Chosun Dynasty was not valid.
After Yi Sung-gye’s enthronement, people who opposed to Yi Sung-gye in Late Goryeo were punished. In the result of that, 8 people including Yi Sung-in(이숭인) were dead. But most of people except them were reinstated government positions. Choi Young‘s associates, Yi In-im’s relatives, King U’s relatives by marriage, people who were close to Yi Saek and Chong Mong-ju were appointed to important positions. Even Chong Mong-ju was respected as a Royal Subject(충신) in Choson Dynasty. Accordingly, even though most of military officials of high position were replaced, Goryeo and Choson Dynasty were on the whole homogeneous rather than heterogeneous in its character of political powers.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

After marching back from Wiwha Island, Yi Sung-gye(이성계) and his faction attacked people who had different political views from them. Roughly speaking, the people who were continuously faced political attack from Yi Sung-gye’s(이성계) faction were Choi Young(최영) and his associates, King U’s(우왕) relatives by marriage, Yi Saek(이색)’s and Chong Mong-ju’s(정몽주) groups, King Kongyang’s(공양왕) close associates, and influential military officials. They opposed to abolition of Sajon(사전혁파) and boycott of Buddhism(불교배척).
The great part of people who faced death as Yi Sung-gye’s opponents were military officials. In addition to Choi Young(최영) and his associates, influential military officials who even participated in Yi Sung-gye’s marching back from Wiwha Island, were removed. Having been removed by Yi Sung-gye, military officials who played active political roles in Goryeo Dynasty could not be seen in Dynastic Foundation Merit Subjects(개국공신) of Choson Dynasty. Most of military officials who became Dynastic Foundation Merit Subjects of Choson Dynasty were Yi Sung-gye’s subordinates.
Among Yi Sung-gye’s political opponents, not a few were the men who had maintained close relationship with Yi Sung-gye. Not to mention Cheong Mong-ju(정몽주) who acted as an agent combining civil officials with Yi Sung-gye politically, Yi Saek(이색) was the man who was inquired political consultation from Yi Sung-gye right after his marching back from Wihwa Island. Choi Young also related with Yi Sung-gye for a while. It was reasonable considering the fact that Yi Sung-gye seized political power as an official of Goryeo Dynasty. And men of Yi Sung-gye’s faction and their political opponents were closely related through civil service examinations(과거). Yi Sung-gye’s faction even contained confidants of Yi In-im(이인임) and Choi Young. The fact reveals that members of either opposing or assisting to Yi Sung-gye were not different from each other in their social and political backgrounds. This conclusion discloses that the existing interpretation which insisted that New Literati(사대부), who emerged at Late Goryeo, most of whom came from the ranks of the petty functionaries(향리) and small or middle-level landowners(중소지주), drove out the Powerful Families(권문세족) who were Pro-Yuan, possessing high positions, vast estates, and hundreds of slaves and created Chosun Dynasty was not valid.
After Yi Sung-gye’s enthronement, people who opposed to Yi Sung-gye in Late Goryeo were punished. In the result of that, 8 people including Yi Sung-in(이숭인) were dead. But most of people except them were reinstated government positions. Choi Young‘s associates, Yi In-im’s relatives, King U’s relatives by marriage, people who were close to Yi Saek and Chong Mong-ju were appointed to important positions. Even Chong Mong-ju was respected as a Royal Subject(충신) in Choson Dynasty. Accordingly, even though most of military officials of high position were replaced, Goryeo and Choson Dynasty were on the whole homogeneous rather than heterogeneous in its character of political powers.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 태수경, "혼인관계의 추이를 통해 본 고려말 이성계의 정치적 성장" 고려대학교 1986

2 변태섭, "한국사통론 4정판" 삼영사 1996

3 이기백, "한국사신론 신수판" 일조각 1990

4 "태종실록"

5 "태조실록"

6 류주희, "조선초 비개국파출신 유신의 정치적 동향" 29 : 1998

7 조계찬, "조선건국과 윤이·이초사건, In 이병도구순기념논총" 지식산업사 1987

8 류주희, "조선 태종대 정치세력 연구" 중앙대학교 2000

9 한영우, "조선 개국공신의 출신에 대한 연구, In 조선전기사회경제연구" 을유문화사 1983

10 "정종실록"

11 이형우, "정몽주의 정치활동에 대한 일고찰－공양왕대를 중심으로－" 41 : 1990

12 이상백, "이성계와 고려말기의 정쟁, In 이조건국의 연구" 을유문화사 1949

13 류창규, "이성계세력과 조선건국" 서강대 1995

14 김광철, "여말선초 세족층의 동향" 35 : 1998

15 정치헌, "여말선초 과거문신세력의 정치동향" 64 : 1991

16 "세종실록"

17 "삼봉집"

18 "목은집"

19 고혜령, "목은 이색의 사승과 교유관계, In 목은 이색의 생애와 사상" 일조각 1996

20 한영우, "다시찾은 우리역사" 경세원 1999

21 박용운, "과시 설행과 제술과 급제자, in 고려시대 음서제와 과거제연구" 일지사 1990

22 허흥식, "고려예부시등과록, In 고려과거제도사연구" 일조각 1981

23 "고려사절요"

24 "고려사"

25 유경아, "고려말 정몽주 동조 세력의 형성과 활동" 25 : 1996

26 김당택, "고려 창왕 원년(1389)의 김저사건" 1998

27 김당택, "고려 우왕대 이성계와 정몽주·정도전의 정치적 결합" 158 : 1998

28 이익주, "고려 말 정도전의 정치세력 형성 과정 연구" 국학연구원 (134) : 79-114, 2006

29 John B.Duncan, "The Origin of the Chosun Dynasty" University of Washington Press 2000