Keeping buildings healthy : how to monitor and prevent indoor environmental problems

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Introduction = xiii
• About the Authors = xvii
• 1. Does This Building Have an Indoor Environmental Quality Problem? / Philip Hagan = 1
• Introduction = 1
• What Is an Indoor Environmental Quality Problem? = 1
• Definitions = 2
• Managing IEQ = 4
• Triggers for IEQ Investigations = 10
• Responses by the IEQ Team = 12
• Building Codes = 16
• Federal Guidelines = 17
• State Regulatory Programs = 20
• Indoor Environmental Standards and Guidelines = 21
• Mitigation and Control Strategies = 23
• Notes = 26
• 2. What Factors Can Affect an Indoor Environmental Quality Complaint? / Philip Hagan = 29
• Introduction = 29
• Water Quality = 29
• Noise = 33
• Lighting = 34
• External Factors that Affect IEQ : Outdoor Environment ／ Climate ／ Weather = 35
• Internal Systems Factors : Pollutant Pathways and Driving Forces = 38
• Heating, Ventilation, and Air­Conditioning Systems = 39
• Housekeeping = 47
• Nonroutine Operations = 49
• Site Characterization = 50
• Resolution of the Complaint = 51
• Indoor Air Pollutants = 51
• Allergens and Pathogens = 59
• Controlling Biological Contaminants = 61
• Sampling for Industrial Hygiene = 66
• Notes = 69
• 3. Investigating Health Complaints / Ronald E. Gots = 71
• Purpose = 71
• Introduction = 71
• The Many Causes of Symptoms : Differential Diagnosis = 73
• Effective Triage = 75
• Investigation = 81
• Evaluating and Choosing Consultants = 85
• Case Studies = 87
• Summary = 90
• References = 90
• 4. Indoor Air and Health : Clear­Cut, Equivocal, and Unlikely / Ronald E. Gots = 93
• Introduction = 93
• Indoor Air's Scientific Debate = 94
• Terminology = 96
• Medical Investigation of Causation = 98
• Building­Associated Symptoms = 99
• Factors in the Workplace that Can Produce Symptoms = 99
• Chronic Illnesses Alleged to Be Caused by Environmental Factors in Office Buildings = 107
• Summary = 110
• References = 111
• 5. What Can We Learn about Indoor Environmental Quality Concerns from Studies? / Alan Hedge = 119
• Overview = 119
• Factors Causing IEQ Concerns = 119
• IEQ Concerns and Nonenvironmental Variables = 124
• Factors Causing SBS : A Multifactorial Model = 126
• Summary = 128
• References = 129
• 6. Investigating Health Complaints : Behavioral Aspects / Alan Hedge = 137
• Building Standards = 137
• Sick Buildings or Sick People? = 138
• Results from IEQ Research Studies = 139
• Personal Influences on Reporting IEQ = 141
• Cognitive Influcnces on Perceived SBS = 146
• Psychosocial Influences on Reporting SBS = 149
• Multiple Chemical Sensitivity and Environmental Illness = 151
• How to Tell Sick Building Syndrome from Mass Psychogenic Illness = 152
• Are Psychosocial Factors the Real Culprits? = 154
• References = 156
• 7. Communicating Results of the Investigation / Alan Hedge = 163
• Introduction = 163
• Organizing and Managing Information Flow = 163
• Responding to News Media = 166
• Newspaper and Magazine Interviews = 168
• Radio Interviews = 170
• Television Interviews = 172
• "Ambush" Television Interviews = 173
• Formal News Conferences = 174
• Preventing Panic = 175
• 8. Government Inspections of the Building / James T. O'Reilly = 177
• Practical Issues = 177
• Legal Rights = 178
• How the Inspection Is Conducted = 179
• Required Reports = 179
• 9. Indoor Health Litigation and the Building Management / James T. O'Reilly = 181
• Introduction to Litigation Options = 181
• Why Would Anyone Sue? = 181
• What Does the Indoor Health Claimant Need to Prove? = 182
• What Steps Should Be Taken when a Lawsuit Is Threatened? = 183
• What Steps Should Be Taken When the Suit Is Filed? = 184
• Who Are the Defendants? = 185
• When Is a Class Action Used? = 185
• What Is the Document­Discovery Process? = 186
• Will My Deposition Be Required? = 186
• Do Lawsuits Usually Reach a Jury Verdict? = 187
• 10. Litigation by the Tenant's Employees / James T. O'Reilly = 189
• Liability Risks for the Building Owner = 189
• Legal Theories = 190
• How Should the Building Owner Interact with Other Defendants? = 194
• Threats of Adverse Publicity = 195
• 11. Legal Options of the Complaining Occupant Employees / James T. 0 'Reilly = 197
• Introduction = 197
• How Workers' Compensation Interacts with Indoor Health = 197
• Important Elements of Workers' Compensation = 198
• Can Employees Sue Despite Workers' Compensation Barriers? = 200
• Dealing with the Complainer : Limitations = 202
• Pretermination Considerations = 204
• Unions and the Complaining Worker = 204
• Worker Complaints to Government = 205
• The Employer's Role in the Employee's Liability Action against Vendors = 206
• 12. Complaints by the Tenant Company / James T. 0'Reilly = 209
• Handling Complaints before Litigation = 209
• Claims of Economic Damage Based on Owner's Breach of Lease = 209
• When Habitability Warranties Are Implied = 211
• Damage Claims for Interruption of Work = 211
• Incentives Not to Sue the Building Owner = 213
• Counterclaim by the Building Owner = 214
• 13. Building Owner's Options to Sue Persons Other than Tenants / James T 0'Reilly = 215
• Introduction = 215
• Architects and Designers = 215
• Product Manufacturers = 220
• Real Estate and ／ or Buildings' Prior Owners = 222
• 14. Insurance Law Implications of Indoor Health Claims / James T. 0'Reilly = 225
• Notice Requirements = 225
• Exclusions of Pollution Coverage = 225
• Duty to Assist the Insurance Carrier = 226
• Other Insurance Issues = 226
• 15. Case Study : The Brigham and Women's Hospital Experience / Tamara Lee Ricciardone = 227
• Introduction = 227
• Background = 228
• Increase in Health Complaints = 229
• Investigation of the Operating Room Suites = 230
• Investigation of the Patient Tower = 239
• Union Issues = 246
• Legal Issues = 249
• Practical Recommendations = 254
• Conclusion = 256
• 16. Case Study : Anchorage, Alaska / Alan Hedge = 257
• References = 259
• 17. The Chicago High­Rise IEQ Case / Robert L. Graham ; Cynthia A. Drew = 261
• Introduction = 261
• Factual Background = 262
• The City's Lawsuit = 263
• Joan Whitmer's Intervention Suit = 264
• Frank Whitmer's Personal Injury Lawsuit = 265
• Postscript = 266
• Avoiding Lawsuits in IEQ Situations : Lessons Learned = 267
• Conclusion = 269
• Appendix A. Additional Reference Materials on Indoor Environmental Health = 271
• Appendix B. Federal Agencies with Roles in Addressing IEQ = 275
• Appendix C. EPA and OSHA Contact Information = 277
• Appendix D. Standards and Reference Organizations = 279
• Appendix E. ASHRAE Guidelines = 281
• Appendix F. Private­Sector Contacts = 283
• Appendix G. Publications = 289
• Appendix H. Safe Drinking Water Act(SDWA) Contact Information = 293
• Appendix I. Considerations when Responding to Health Complaints = 297
• Appendix J. Research Report to Building Owners and Managers Association International, Institute of Real Estate Management, International Council of Shopping Centers, National Apartment Association, National Association of Realtors^R, and National Multihousing Council(Results of a National Survey of Workplace Professionals, August 24, 1995) = 299
• Appendix K. Checklist for IEQ Evaluation of a Building = 307
• Index = 353