Dvarapalas in Indonesia : temple guardians and acculturation

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• EDITORS' PREFACE = Ⅴ
• FOREWORD = Ⅶ
• AUTHOR'S PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGENTS = XIII
• 1 INTRODUCTION = 1
• 1.1 Acculturation : Indonesia and Mainland Southeast Asia = 1
• 1.2 The dv$$\bar a$$rap$$\bar a$$la as protector and mediator = 2
• 1.3 The dv$$\bar a$$rap$$\bar a$$la and the architectural layout = 4
• 1.3.1 The dv$$\bar a$$rap$$\bar a$$la and the architectural layout in India = 4
• 1.3.2 The dv$$\bar a$$rap$$\bar a$$la and the architectural layout in Indonesia = 5
• 1.4 The basic outline = 7
• 2 N$$\bar A$$GA AND YAK$$\mathop S\limits_\cdot $$A DV$$\bar A$$RAP$$\bar A$$LAS IN BUDDHIST SHRINES AND THE FIRST MOVES TOWARDS THE DIFFERENTIATION OF HUMAN DV$$\bar A$$RAP$$\bar A$$LA PAIRS IN $$S'$$IVAITE SHRINES(1ST CENTURY BC - 9TH CENTURY AD) = 9
• 2.1 N$$\bar a$$ga and Yak$$\mathop s\limits_\cdot $$a dv$$\bar a$$rap$$\bar a$$las in Buddhist sanctuaries in India and Sri Linke(1st century BC - 5th century AD) = 9
• 2.1.1 N$$\bar a$$gas = 9
• 2.1.2 Yaksas = 11
• 2.2 The emergence of the human dv$$\bar a$$rap$$\bar a$$la in $$S'$$ivaite complexes in northern India, and the fist moves towards the differentiation of the dv$$\bar a$$rap$$\bar a$$la pairs in northern India(5th century AD - ca. 750AD) = 14
• 2.3 N$$\bar a$$gas, yaksas and dv$$\bar a$$rap$$\bar a$$las in Central Javanese temple complexes in Indonesia(8th - 9th century AD) = 18
• 2.3.1 Camplexes in Indonesia(ca. 775 - ca. 835 AD) = 18
• 2.3.2 Dv$$\bar a$$rap$$\bar a$$lasin Buddhist temples, other than Candi Borobudur, at the beginning of the 9th century AD in Centural Java = 21
• 2.3.3 Yak$$\mathop s\limits_\cdot $$a as non-entrance guardian, or a dv$$\bar a$$rap$$\bar a$$la with yak$$\mathop s\limits_\cdot $$a features : a confusion of functions(8th - 9th century AD) = 24
• 2.4 Summary : The oldest dv$$\bar a$$rap$$\bar a$$las in India and Indonesia(1st century BC - 9th century AD) = 26
• 3 NANDT$$S'$$VARA AND MAH$$\bar A$$K$$\bar A$$LA : A DIFFERENTIATION ACCORDING TO THE NATURE AND THE ATTRIBUTES OF DIVINE DV$$\bar A$$RAP$$\bar A$$LA PAIRS IN $$S'$$IVAITE COMPLEXES(CA. 750 AD - 14TH CENTURY AD) = 29
• 3.1 Nand$$\bar i$$$$s'$$vara and Mah$$\bar a$$k$$\bar a$$la in Indian texts, possibly relevant to Indonesia : Interpretations and descriptions in the literature = 29
• 3.1.1 Nand$$\bar i$$$$s'$$vara = 29
• 3.1.2 Mah$$\bar a$$k$$\bar a$$la = 30
• 3.1.3 The age of the Indian texts(6th to 17th century AD) = 30
• 3.2 The portrayal of Nand$$\bar i$$$$s'$$vara and Mah$$\bar a$$k$$\bar a$$la in northen India(ca. 750 AD - 12th century AD) = 31
• 3.3 Nand$$\bar i$$$$s'$$vara and Mah$$\bar a$$k$$\bar a$$la in Indonesia : Interpretations and descriptions in the literature = 33
• 3.4 Nand$$\bar i$$$$s'$$vara and Mah$$\bar a$$k$$\bar a$$la in the analyses of Poerbatjaraka and of Radcliffe Bolon = 35
• 3.5 Nand$$\bar i$$$$s'$$vara and Mah$$\bar a$$k$$\bar a$$la in Javanese visual arts(8th - 14th century AD) = 36
• 3.5.1 Dv$$\bar a$$rap$$\bar a$$las in situ = 36
• 3.5.2 Individual pieces in museum collections = 42
• 3.6 Conclusion = 43
• 4 THE DEVEL OPMENT OF THE HUMAN OR DIVINE DV$$\bar A$$RAP$$\bar A$$LA IN SOUTHERNINDIA AND ITS INFLUENCE ON INDONESIA(1ST CENTURY BC - 10TH CENTURY AD) = 47
• 4.1 Mah$$\bar a$$r$$\bar a$$$$\mathop s\limits_\cdot $$$$\mathop t\limits_\cdot $$ra(1st century BC - 8th century AD) = 47
• 4.2 $$\bar A$$ndhra Pradesh(7th - 8th century AD) = 49
• 4.3 Kar$$\mathop n\limits_\cdot $$$$\bar a$$$$\mathop t\limits_\cdot $$aka(6th - 8th century AD) = 51
• 4.4 Tamil N$$\bar a$$du(7th - 10th century AD) = 55
• 4.5 Southern India and the dv$$\bar a$$rap$$\bar a$$la in Indonesia = 58
• 4.5.1 The limits = 58
• 4.5.2 Three southern Indian types as ideal types for the $$S'$$ivaite dv$$\bar a$$raP$$\bar a$$la in Indonesia = 60
• 4.5.3 Three less ideally stylistic types in Indonesia, grafted onto the southern Indian models, equipped with a club = 61
• 4.5.3 Three less ideally stylistic types in Indonesia, grafted onto the soutern Indian models, equipped with a club = 61
• 4.6 Conclusion = 63
• 5 KNEELING DV$$\bar A$$RAP$$\bar A$$LAS IN JAVA(CA. 765 AD - 15TH CENTURY AD) = 65
• 5.1 Introduction = 65
• 5.2 List of identifying features = 67
• 5.3 Six geographical trend types : An inventory of identifying featyres within the categories of kneeling dv$$\bar a$$rap$$\bar a$$las, arranged geo-graphically = 70
• 5.3.1 The type from Central Java = 70
• 5.3.2 The type from Malang = 71
• 5.3.3 The type from Blitar = 73
• 5.3.4 The type from Kediri = 79
• 5.3.5 The type from Surabaya = 82
• 5.3.6 The type from Lawu = 84
• 5.4 Vogler's 'monsterkop' and the kneeling dv$$\bar a$$rap$$\bar a$$la = 85
• 6 SOUTHERN VIETNAM, CAMBODIA AND INDONESIA = 89
• 6.1 Southern Vietnam : Cham-sanctuaries and dv$$\bar a$$rap$$\bar a$$las(7th - 14th century AD) = 89
• 6.2 Cambodia : Khmer sanctuaries and dv$$\bar a$$rap$$\bar a$$las(7th - 14th century AD) = 93
• 6.3 Indonesia : Panataran and Padang Lawas(11th - 14th century AD) = 96
• 6.3.1 Candi Panataran(East Java) = 96
• 6.3.2 Candis(biaros) in Padang Lawas(northern Sumatra) = 98
• 6.4 Conclusion = 101
• 7 THE STANDING AND INCLINING DV$$\bar A$$RAP$$\bar A$$LAS IN THE LATE CLASSICAL PERIOD(10TH - 15TH CENTURY AD) = 103
• 7.1 Standing dv$$\bar a$$rap$$\bar a$$las in the late classica period(10th - 15th century AD) = 103
• 7.1.1 Initial phase(10th - 13th century AD) = 103
• 7.1.2 Late phase(14th - 15th century AD) = 107
• 7.2 Inclining dv$$\bar a$$rapalas in the late classical period = 117
• 7.3 Conclusion = 120
• SUMMARY = 123
• GLOSSARY = 131
• REFERENCES = 137
• LIST AND TRANSLATION OF (ABBREVIATED) NAMES OF MUSEA, LIBRARIES, AND INSTITUIONS = 145
• INDEX OF INDONESIAN SITES, RERERRED TO IN THE TEXT = 147
• CAPTIONS OF PLATES = 149