포스트모던 시대 기독교 청소년 상담에 관한 연구 : 청소년 인터넷 중독을 중심으로 = (The) Study of Christian Counseling for Youth in Postmodern Era : About Internet-Addiction of Youth

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Today could be represented with one word, Postmodernism. Postmodern Era has extreme pluralism and post-centralization at the center of the spirituality. This pluralistic trend effected actual phenomenon of culture and changed thought and behaviour of humanity directly and indirectly. The youth is the generation which exhibits postmodern tendency of culture in the most vivid colour. As the value system of the youth becomes pluralistic, it brought new ways of behavior. An example of those way of behaviour is internet addiction which entice the youth into the cyber world with the internet as a moderator. It soon became the most serious social problem. Internet addiction has high popularity and rapidly transfers among the public compared to drug, cotics or sexual addiction. Though it is the worst case of self-destruction, the public is not aware of this factor.
Postmodernism is not just a part of an event but a general and comprehensive phenomenon of this age. For it is almost impossible to cover all the problem of youth in post modern era, this study limits its consideration on internet addiction of youth which is the dominant backward effect of postmodern culture.
There are plenty of research papers on youth counseling as a part of pastoral consultation while comparatively few researches have been taken place on the subject of youth problem related to post modernism which has a big influence on the youth. Study on internet addiction of the youth and the alternative has been a particularly weak area. While there are many studies of literature, art and philosophy with the subject of postmodernism going on, studies of postmodernism related to christian counseling is rare. This situation is why this study is required.
Up to now, christian counseling of the youth has relied on the free reason and rationality which is the result of modern trend of thought for cross-understanding. Accordingly, the existing method of consultation which appealed to rational reason or scientific statistics and adopted method of general psychology needs to be sublated.
Even though the extreme pluralism of postmodernism is a crisis of christian theology, it provides an opportunity to present christian character of counseling. In other word, a counseling method with more vivid color of Christianity is desperately required. Therefore this study aims to find ways of recovering the soul and personality of the youth from internet addiction through a christian counseling based on the bible.
The content of this study is abstracted as follows.
It investigated postmodernism as the time spirituality of this age which is the main factor of cultural tendency of the youth. The youth are living a completely different world where the rationalism based on modernism and scientism based on cause-and-effect have disappeared and fondness on technocracy has collapsed. To guide and counseling the youth of this age, the content and characteristics of new age must be explored. Internet addiction is an example of breakaway to the cyber world. It is combined result of pop culture, pluralistic culture and cyber culture which is in lack of reality. So, understanding of postmodernism, the paradigm of new age, is required to talk about internet addiction. Accordingly, the introduction of this study observes the concept and ideological characteristics of post modernism and cultural phenomenon.
Next part of the study explores the developmental characteristics of the youth in postmodern era. It is imperative to mention on the developmental characteristics of the youth to study christian counseling for youth who suffer from internet addiction. This part of the study explores physical, intellectual and social characteristics of the youth to have a general understanding of adolescence and argue the speciality of adolescence as so called marginal man. In addition to this, the characteristics of the youth in the postmodern era was investigated and it was concluded that the youth's cyber culture is a characteristic of postmodernism after the extinction of the enlightenment.
For the next step, this study considered the actual situation of internet addiction. There was various type of internet addiction. Common types of internet addiction are addiction to communication, game and unsavory material. Kimberly S young divided others into categories of addiction to cyber sex, addiction to cyber relation, obsession to network, excessive merge on information and addiction to the computer. These addiction is seriously harming the youth who is referred as internet generation more than alcoholism harms the older generation.
Finally, this study discuss about effective christian counseling to cure the internet addiction of the youth. As this study consider the internet addiction as an influence of postmodernism, the time spirituality of this age, an alternative of counseling to cure internet addiction is required. And the alternative of christian counseling adoptable to postmodern age is nothing but a christian counseling with the authority of the bible and effects of prayer.
It is well-known fact that pluralism and post-centralism is the main idea of postmodernism. Postmodernism cognizes the world with a pluralistic and relative view. It seems to conflict traditional christian belief which is based on the absolute value of the bible and uniqueness of the God.
However, several scholars like Thomas Oden accepts post modernism positively from the aspect of missionary and consider that postmodern pluralism could be a base to present the vivid color of Christianity. In other word, Oden took post modern age as a good time to go back to legitimism.
This study explored the method of christian counseling to cure the youth who suffer from internet addiction which is the backward effect of cyber culture in post modern age and discovered that recovery of Christian spirituality through the bible and prayer is the most realistic and effective way. For concrete method, 12 steps program which is transformed from AA course for alcoholics was suggested and experience of despair, humility, self-abandonment, conversion, healing power of grace were presented as the concrete items of christian spirituality.
The power of sin is increasing and christian counseling must be continued to guide the youth to the right path. The primary purpose of this study is to help the youth be free from the pain of internet addiction and enjoy the true freedom of life and, in the end, become a competent worker of Christ.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 목차
• Ⅰ. 서론 = 1
• A. 문제제기 및 연구 목적 = 1
• B. 연구의 범위 및 한계 = 3
• Ⅱ. 청소년들이 처한 시대정신으로서의 포스트모더니즘 이해 = 7
• A. 포스트모더니즘의 개념 = 7
• 1. 용어 정리 = 7
• 2. 정의 = 8
• 3. 포스트모더니즘의 출현 배경 = 11
• a. 프리 모더니즘(Pre-modernism) = 11
• b. 모더니즘(Modernism) = 12
• c. 포스트모더니즘(Post modernism) = 13
• B. 포스트모더니즘의 사상적 특징 = 15
• 1. 과학주의의 종식 = 15
• 2. 해체주의(Deconstructivism) = 16
• 3. 역동적 세계관 = 17
• 4. 탈 전통과 탈 권위 = 18
• 5. 다원화 경향 = 19
• a. 상대주의 = 19
• b. 다원주의 = 20
• c. 종교 다원주의 = 22
• C. 포스트모던 시대 제 문화현상 = 23
• 1. 다중(多重)문화 현상 = 23
• 2. 대중문화 = 24
• 3. 신세대의 등장 = 27
• 4. 사이버 세계의 익명성과 자아 도피성 = 27
• 5. 뉴에이지와 신과학 운동 = 28
• Ⅲ. 포스트모던시대 청소년에 관한 이해 = 30
• A. 청소년에 관한 일반적 이해 = 30
• 1. 청소년의 정의 = 30
• 2. 청소년기의 특징 = 31
• a. 발달적 특징(Developmental characteristics) = 31
• b. 발달과업(Deveolpmental task) = 34
• 3. 성장과 발달(Growth & development) = 36
• a. 신체적 성장과 발달(Physical growth & development) = 36
• b. 지적 성장과 발달(Mental growth & development) = 37
• c. 정서적 성장과 발달(Emotionall growth & deveolopment) = 43
• d. 사회적 성장과 발달(Social growth & development) = 52
• 4. 도덕성(Morality)의 발달 = 59
• 5. 신앙적 성장과 발달 = 61
• a. 종교적 심성 = 61
• b. 시기별 종교적 발달특징 = 63
• B. 포스트모던 시대 청소년 문화에 관한 이해 = 65
• C. 청소년 사이버 문화의 성격 = 68
• 1. 근대정신의 연속선상에서의 사이버 문화 = 68
• 2. 포스트모더니즘의 등장으로 인한 사이버 문화 = 69
• Ⅳ. 청소년 인터넷 중독의 실태 = 71
• A.인터넷 중독 = 71
• 1. 인터넷의 개념과 특징 = 71
• 2. 인터넷 중독의 개념 = 76
• a. 인터넷 중독의 정의 = 76
• b. 인터넷 중독의 유형 = 82
• 3. 인터넷 중독의 원인 및 증상 = 88
• a. 인터넷 중독의 원인 = 88
• b. 인터넷에 중독되기 쉬운 성격 = 90
• c. 인터넷 중독 관련 선행연구 = 92
• B. 인터넷에 의한 청소년의 심리·사회적 역기능 = 95
• Ⅴ. 인터넷 중독 청소년에 대한 기독교 상담 = 97
• A. 기독교 청소년 상담의 일반적 이해 = 97
• 1. 기독교 상담의 특징 = 97
• a. 성경적 상담 = 97
• b. 기독교 신앙인에 의한 상담 = 98
• c. 신앙적 요소를 통한 상담 = 98
• d. 신앙적 정황을 중심한 상담 = 99
• e. 기독교적 인간이해와 행동변화 = 99
• 2. 기독교 청소년 상담의 목적 = 99
• 3. 청소년 상담자의 중요성 = 101
• a. 상담자의 자질 = 101
• b. 성경에 나타나는 상담자의 자질 = 102
• c. 치료 상담자의 자질 = 104
• B. 청소년 인터넷 중독 회복을 위한 필수 요인들 = 105
• 1. 문제에 대한 정확하고 솔직한 평가 = 106
• 2. 지원 공동체의 도움 = 106
• a. 친구와 가족의 도움 = 106
• b. 고백 = 107
• c. 전문 상담 = 108
• d. 목회자와의 상담 = 109
• e. 집중상담 = 109
• f. 지지집단들 = 110
• 3. 유해한 행동을 변화시키려는 행위 = 111
• 4. 근본적 생각과 감정에 대한 이해와 설명 = 111
• 5. 하나님과의 관계 회복 = 112
• C. 청소년 인터넷 중독 치료를 위한 기독교 상담적 대안 = 113
• 1. 중독치유의 신학적 의미 = 113
• a. 대상관계론에서 자기 대상으로서의 하나님 = 113
• b. 하나님의 은총과 중독의 치유 = 114
• 2. 성경적 상담 = 115
• a. 성경을 활용한 상담 = 115
• b. 중독 상담의 성경적 근거 = 118
• 3. 중독을 치유하는 영성 = 119
• a. 중독의 치유와 영성의 관계성 = 119
• b. 중독을 치유하는 다섯 단계의 영성 = 120
• Ⅵ. 결론 = 123
• 참고문헌 = 126
• ABSTRACT = 133