The rise of early modern science : Islam, China, and the West

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• List of illustrations = ⅹ
• Preface = xi
• Acknowledgments = xiii
• Introduction = 1
• 1 The comparative study of science = 8
• The modernity of science = 8
• Science as a civilizational institution = 11
• Elements of the sociological perspective = 14
• The role of the scientist = 16
• The ethos of science = 22
• Paradigms and scientific communities = 25
• Comparative civilizational sociology of science: Joseph Needham = 32
• Benjamin Nelson: universalization and wider spheres of discourse = 40
• Conclusion: the issues at hand = 45
• 2 Arabic science and the Islamic world = 47
• The problem of Arabic science = 47
• The achievements of Arabic astronomy = 54
• Role-sets, institutions, and science = 62
• Social roles and cultural elites = 66
• Institutions of higher learning and research = 71
• Institution building and the marginality problem = 84
• Summary = 87
• 3 Reason and rationality in Islam and the West = 91
• The Islamic legal background = 93
• Reason, man, and nature in Europe = 99
• Reason and conscience = 107
• Conclusion = 116
• 4 The European legal revolution = 119
• The development of modern Western law = 121
• The papal revolution = 125
• The breakthrough in inherited logics = 128
• Corporations and jurisdiction = 134
• Revolution and the parting of the ways = 141
• 5 Colleges, universities, and sciences = 149
• Madrasas: Islamic colleges = 151
• Universities and the West = 160
• Islamic protoscientific institutions = 169
• Western universities and the place of science = 186
• Medicine and the universities: the quest for universalistic norms = 197
• 6 Cultural climates and the ethos of science = 202
• The arresting of Arabic science = 204
• Internal factors = 208
• External factors: cultural and institutional impediments = 213
• Conclusion = 235
• 7 Science and civilization in China = 237
• The problem of Chinese science = 237
• China and the comparative context = 248
• The emergence of imperial China = 252
• Chinese law = 262
• Education and the examination system = 275
• Reprise = 285
• 8 Science and social organization in China = 287
• Some problems of written Chinese = 290
• Chinese modes of thought = 296
• Institutional impediments and patterns of opportunity = 304
• Conclusion = 314
• 9 The rise of early modern science = 321
• The Copernican revolution = 322
• The institudonalization problem = 328
• Science, learning, and the medieval revolution = 335
• The revolution in authority and astronomy = 341
• Epilogue: science and civilizations East and West = 360
• Selected bibliography = 365
• Index = 387