Design approaches for solar industrial process heat systems : nontracking and line-focus collector technologies

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• PART Ⅰ : Objectives and Fundamentals
• 1.0 Objectives and Design Methodology = 1
• 1.1 Introduction = 1
• 1.2 Design Methodology = 2
• 1.3 Additional Sources of Information = 5
• 2.0 Solar Energy in Industry : An OverviewI = 7
• 2.1 Introduction = 7
• 2.2 Solar Applications in IPH = 12
• 2.2.1 Hot Water = 12
• 2.2.2 Drying and Dehydration = 13
• 2.2.3 Steam = 15
• 2.3 Industrial Process Heat Field Tests = 16
• 2.4 References = 22
• PART Ⅱ : Conceptual Design
• 3.0 Solar IPH Suitability Analysis = 25
• 3.1 Environmental Factors = 25
• 3.2 Process Factors = 28
• 3.3 Economic Factors = 32
• 3.4 Company Factors = 33
• 3.5 Examples of Favorable Solar Thermal Applications = 33
• 3.6 References = 34
• 4.0 IPH System Configuration = 35
• 4.1 Hot Air Systems = 35
• 4.2 Hot Water Systems = 36
• 4.3 Steam Systems = 38
• 4.3.1 Flash Steam Systems = 40
• 4.3.2 Unfired-Boiler Systems = 42
• 4.3.3 Direct Steam Generation = 43
• 4.4 Storage Configurations = 43
• 4.4.1 Hot Water Storage = 43
• 4.4.2 Storage for Steam Systems = 47
• 4.5 Process／Solar System Interfacei = 50
• 4.6 References = 51
• 5.0 Solar Collectors = 53
• 5.1 Types of Collectors = 53
• 5.1.1 Flat-Plate Collectors = 53
• 5.1.1.1 Components = 53
• 5.1.1.2 Improvements = 56
• 5.1.2 Evacuated-Tube Collectors = 56
• 5.1.2.1 Components = 56
• 5.1.2.2 Improvements = 58
• 5.1.3 Parabolic Trough Collectors = 59
• 5.1.3.1 Components = 60
• 5.1.3.2 Improvements = 61
• 5.1.4 Other Types of Collectors = 61
• 5.1.4.1 Solar Ponds = 61
• 5.1.4.2 Compound Parabolic Concentrators = 63
• 5.1.4.3 Freanel Lens Collectors = 63
• 5.1.4.4 Multiple-Reflector Collectors = 65
• 5.1.4.5 Parabolic Dish Collectors = 65
• 5.1.4.6 Central Receivers = 65
• 5.2 Instantaneous Performance of Collectors = 65
• 5.2.1 Analysis = 66
• 5.2.2 Testing = 69
• 5.3 Collector Selection Procedure = 73
• 5 3.1 A Preliminary Comparison of Collector Performance = 74
• 5.3.2 Other Considerations in Selecting an Appropriate Collector = 79
• 5.4 References = 80
• PART Ⅲ : Preliminary Design
• 6.0 Annual Performance of a Solar Energy System = 83
• 6.1 Annual Energy Collection for Several IPH System Configurations = 83
• 6.1.1 Hot Air and Hot Water Systems = 86
• 6.1.1.1 No-Storage IPH System = 89
• 6.1.1.2 Mixed-Tank, Recirculation IPH System = 93
• 6.1.1.3 Variable-Volume Storage System = 107
• 6.1.2 Steam Systems = 111
• 6.1.2.1 Unfired-Boiler Steam System = 111
• 6.1.2.2 Flash Steam System = 113
• 6.2 Incident-Angle Effects = 114
• 6.2.1 Incident-Angle Modifiers = 115
• 6.2.2 End Losses = 118
• 6.3 Row-to-Row Shading Losses = 119
• 6.4 Annual Thermal Losses of Collector Field Piping and Storage = 122
• 6.4.1 Steady-State Losses = 126
• 6.4.2 Overnight Losses = 127
• 6.4.3 Freeze-Protection Heat Losses = 129
• 6.5 Utilization and Availability = 132
• 6.6 Step-by-Step Procedure = 135
• 6.7 References = 138
• 7.0 The Energy Transport System = 139
• 7.1 Piping and Insulation 11 = 139
• 7.1.1 Collector Field Piping Configurations = 139
• 7.1.2 Optimum Array Flow Rate and Collector Configuration = 141
• 7.1.3 Pipes and Sizing Techniques = 143
• 7.1.4 Insulation and Heat Losses = 144
• 7.2 Heat Transfer Fluids = 164
• 7.2.1 Types of Fluids = 165
• 7.2.1.1 Water = 165
• 7.2.1.2 Water-Glycol Mixtures = 165
• 7.2.1.3 Aliphatic Hydrocarbons = 165
• 7.2.1.4 Aromatic Hydrocarbons = 165
• 7.2.1.5 Silicones = 166
• 7.2.2 Temperature-Dependent Thermal Properties = 166
• 7.2.3 Other Thermal Properties = 170
• 7.3 Pumps = 170
• 7.3.1 Sizing a Single-Speed Centrifugal Pump = 171
• 7.3.2 Multispeed Centrifugal Pumps = 175
• 7.3.3 Positive Displacement Pumps = 176
• 7.4 Valves = 179
• 7.4.1 Characteristics of Solar Systems = 179
• 7.4.2 Types of Valves = 180
• 7.4.3 Guidelines for Selecting Valves = 181
• 7.5 Heat Exchangers = 182
• 7.5.1 Heat Transfer Relations = 182
• 7.5.2 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient = 184
• 7.5.3 Heat Exchanger Factor for Solar System Performance = 187
• 7.5.4 Economical Heat Exchanger Area = 189
• 7.5.5 Practical Considerations in Selecting a Heat Exchanger = 190
• 7.5.6 Plate Heat Exchangers = 192
• 7.5.7 Summary = 193
• 7.6 Storage = 193
• 7.6.1 Storage Media = 194
• 7.6.1.1 Sensible Heat Storage = 194
• 7.6.1.2 Latent Heat Storage = 195
• 7.6.2 Storage Vessels = 197
• 7.6.3 Storage Tank Insulation = 199
• 7.6.4 Storage Location = 202
• 7.6.4.1 Interior Storage = 202
• 7.7.4.2 Exterior Storage = 203
• 7.7 References = 203
• 8.0 Controls and Instrumentation = 207
• 8.1 Fundamentals of Controls = 207
• 8.1.1 Controllers = 207
• 8.1.2 Common Control Loops = 208
• 8.1.3 Measurement Dynamics = 209
• 8.1.4 Noise = 210
• 8.1.5 Valves = 210
• 8.1.6 Miscellaneous Considerations = 212
• 8.1.7 Multivariable Control Loops = 212
• 8.1.7.1 Cascade = 212
• 8.1.7.2 Feed-Forward = 212
• 8.1.7.3 Split-Range Control = 213
• 8.1.7.4 Overrides = 213
• 8.1.8 Computers = 213
• 8.2 Control Design = 214
• 8.2.1 Normal Operating Modes = 214
• 8.2.2 Start-Up／Shut,own = 227
• 8.2.3 Freezing／Stagnation = 229
• 8.2.4 Emergency Conditions = 229
• 8.2.5 Operator Training／Display = 230
• 8.2.6 Control System Checkout = 230
• 8.3 Instrumentation and Data Acquisition = 231
• 8.3.1 Flow Measurement = 231
• 8.3.2 Level Measurement = 233
• 8.3.3 Pressure Measurement = 233
• 8.3.4 Temperature Measurement = 233
• 8.3.5 Irradiation Measurement = 235
• 8.3.6 Converters = 235
• 8.3.7 Data Acquisition = 236
• 8.4 References = 237
• 9.0 Installation and Start-Up = 239
• 9.1 Installation and Checkout = 239
• 9.1.1 Scheduling = 239
• 9.1.2 Installing the Collectors = 239
• 9.1.2.1 Installing Flat-Plate Collectors = 239
• 9.1.2.2 Installing Evacuated-Tube Collectors = 240
• 9.1.2.3 Installing Line-Focus Collectors = 241
• 9.1.2.4 Piping, Fittings, and Insulation = 242
• 9.1.3 Installing Heat Exchangers = 246
• 9.1.4 Installing Pumps = 246
• 9.1.5 Installing Pressure Vessels and Storage Tanks = 247
• 9.1.6 Installing Controls, Electrical Lines, and Instrumentation = 248
• 9.1.7 Personnel and Environmental Safety Precautions = 248
• 9.2 Start-Up = 249
• 9.2.1 Line Flushing = 249
• 9.2.2 Pressure Testing = 250
• 9.2.3 Fluid Loading = 251
• 9.2.4 Commissioning of Solar System = 252
• 9.2.5 Performance Testing = 252
• 9.3 Summary = 253
• 9.4 References = 253
• 10.0 Solar System Economics = 257
• 10.1 Methods of System Cost Estimation = 257
• 10.1.1 Historical IPH System and Subsystem Costs = 257
• 10.1.1.1 Historical System Costs = 258
• 10.1.1.2 Historical Subsystem Costs = 260
• 10.1.1.3 Estimating Construction Costs Using the Mueller Data = 261
• 10.1.2 Modular Cost Estimating = 269
• 10.2 Life-Cycle Cost Analysis = 270
• 10.3 Methods of Financing Solar Systems = 281
• 10.3.1 Conventional Financing = 281
• 10.3.2 Conventional Lease Arrangements = 281
• 10.3.3 Solar Management Company／Limited Partnership = 281
• 10.4 References = 283
• 11.0 Safety and Envirorunental Issues = 285
• 11.1 Safety Concerns in IPH Systems = 285
• 11.1.1 Fire Safety = 285
• 11.1.1.1 Materials = 285
• 11.1.1.2 Equipment and Procedures = 286
• 11.1.2 Physical Hazards = 288
• 11.1.3 Fluid Toxicity Considerations = 289
• 11.1.4 Protection from Overtemperature and overpressure = 289
• 11.1.5 Product Contamination = 290
• 11.1.6 Noise = 291
• 11.1.7 Applicable Regulations and Agencies = 291
• 11.2 Environmental Aspects of Solar IPH Systems = 292
• 11.2.1 Environmental Impacts of Solar IPH Systems = 292
• 11.2.2 National Environmental Protection laws and Organizations = 293
• 11.2.2.1 Air-Pollution Control = 293
• 11.2.2.2 Water-Pollution Control = 293
• 11.2.2.3 Waste Disposal = 295
• 11.2.2.4 Noise = 295
• 11.2.2.5 Land Use = 295
• 11.2.3 State Environmental Regulations = 295
• 11.3 Bibliography = 295
• 11.4 References = 296
• Appendix A Effects of Solar Systems on the Efficiency of Hot Water Boilers = 305
• Appendix B Properties of Heat-Transfer Fluids = 317
• Appendix C The SOLIPH Computer Program = 351
• Appendix D Derivation of Annual-Performance Empirical Correlations = 371
• Appendix E Derivation of Annual Performance Modifiers = 383
• Appendix F Ambient Temperature Data for 72 U.S. Cities = 393
• Appendix G Sources of Information = 395
• Appendix H Glossary = 397
• Appendix I Conversion Tables = 407
• Index = 419