Cement-based composites : materials, mechanical properties and performance

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Preface = xi
• 1 Introduction = 1
• 2 Composites and multiphase materials = 5
• 2.1 Properties and requirements = 5
• 2.2 Components of composite materials = 8
• 2.3 General description of composite materials = 13
• 2.3.1 Classifications = 13
• 2.3.2 Composites with dispersion strengthening = 14
• 2.3.3 Grain-reinforced (particulate) composites = 16
• 2.3.4 Fibre-reinforced composites = 16
• 2.3.5 Laminated composites = 19
• 2.4 Structure of composite materials = 21
• 2.5 Models and theories = 25
• References = 33
• 3 Concrete-like composites - main kinds = 35
• 3.1 Definitions and classifications = 35
• 3.2 Main types of concrete-like composites = 40
• References = 45
• 4 Components of cement-based matrices = 47
• 4.1 Cements and other binders = 47
• 4.2 Aggregates and fillers = 55
• 4.2.1 Kinds of aggregates = 55
• 4.2.2 Properties of aggregates = 57
• 4.2.3 Lightweight aggregates = 60
• 4.2.4 Fillers = 60
• 4.2.5 Aggregate grading = 63
• 4.3 Concrete admixtures = 63
• 4.3.1 Kinds of admixtures = 63
• 4.3.2 Accelerators = 64
• 4.3.3 Set-retarders = 65
• 4.3.4 Plasticizers = 65
• 4.3.5 Superplasticizers = 66
• 4.3.6 Air-entrainers = 67
• 4.3.7 Water repellents = 69
• 4.3.8 Admixtures decreasing permeability = 70
• 4.3.9 Pozzolans and inert mineral admixtures = 70
• 4.3.10 Other admixtures = 73
• References = 73
• 5 Reinforcement of cement-based composites = 77
• 5.1 General remarks = 77
• 5.2 Asbestos fibres = 77
• 5.3 Glassfibres = 78
• 5.4 Steel-fibres = 84
• 5.5 Metallic glass ribbons = 88
• 5.6 Polymeric fibres = 88
• 5.7 Carbon fibres = 90
• 5.8 Natural vegetable fibres = 90
• 5.9 Textile reinforcement = 95
• References = 97
• 6 Structure of cement composites = 101
• 6.1 Elements and types of structure = 101
• 6.2 Methods of cbservation and representation of materials structures = 102
• 6.3 Micro-structure of cement paste = 109
• 6.4 Structure built of aggregate grains = 111
• 6.5 Structure of pores and voids = 116
• 6.5.1 Porosity of cement paste = 116
• 6.5.2 Porosity and strength = 124
• 6.6 Structure of fibres = 128
• 6.6.1 Types Of structures = 128
• 6.6.2 Structures composed of short fibres = 129
• References = 136
• 7 Interfaces = 141
• 7.1 Kinds of interfaces = 141
• 7.2 Aggregate cement paste interface = 142
• 7.3 Fibre-cement paste interface = 148
• 7.4 Interface between old and new composites = 152
• References = 153
• 8 Strength and deformability under short-term static load = 155
• 8.1 Models for unreinforced matrices = 155
• 8.2 Strength and destruction of brittle matrices = 160
• 8.3 Fibres in an uncracked matrix = 165
• 8.4 Fibre-reinforced matrices as two-phase composites = 169
• 8.5 Pull-out of fibres from brittle matrices = 175
• 8.5.1 General remarks = 175
• 8.5.2 Steel chopped tibres = 176
• 8.5.3 Other fibres = 184
• 8.5.4 Influence of the fibre-matrix bond on the composite's behaviour = 186
• 8.6 Influence of fibre orientation on the cracking and fracture energy in brittle Matrix composites = 186
• 8.6.1 Introduction and review of present knowledge = 186
• 8.6.2 Objectives of reinforcement and principal fracture mechanisms = 187
• 8.6.3 Comparison of theoretical and experimental results for unnotched specimens = 188
• 8.6.4 Tests of notched specimens = 189
• References = 193
• 9 Cracking in cement matrices and propagation of cracks = 197
• 9.1 Classification of cracks = 197
• 9.2 Cracks in the matrix, in aggregate grains and in the interface = 199
• 9.3 Dimension and positions of cracks = 202
• 9.4 Single and multiple cracking = 204
• 9.5 Modelling of cracking = 208
• 9.6 Consequences of cracking = 210
• 9.7 Healing of cracks = 212
• References = 213
• 10 Fracture and failure of materials structures = 217
• 10.1 Application of fracture mechanics of cement matrices = 217
• 10.1.1 Principles of linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) = 217
• 10.1.2 Role of reinforcement after cracking of the matrix = 222
• 10.1.3 Application of fracture mechanics to elasto-plastic materials = 228
• 10.2 Cement matrix composites under various states of loading = 232
• 10.2.1 Role of components = 232
• 10.2.2 Fracture under compression = 234
• 10.2.3 Fracture under direct tension = 236
• 10.2.4 Fracture under bending = 238
• 10.3 Fracture energy and fracture toughness = 243
• 10.3.1 Work of fracture = 243
• 10.3.2 Quantitative description of fracture toughness = 249
• 10.3.3 Influence of testing conditions = 254
• 10.3.4 Material brittleness = 255
• 10.4 Modes of fracture = 257
• 10.4.1 Mixed-mode fracture = 257
• 10.4.2 Quantitative determination of mixed-mode fracture = 259
• 10.5 Relationship between fracture toughness and fractal dimension in concretes = 266
• References = 274
• 11 Behaviour of cement, matrix composites in various service conditions = 283
• 11.1 Loads and actions = 283
• 11.2 Behaviour under dynamic loads = 284
• 11.2.1 Rates of loading = 284
• 11.2.2 Impact strength and influence of the rate of loading = 286
• 11.3 Fatigue = 291
• 11.3.1 Factors and effects = 291
• 11.3.2 Fatigue under cyclic loading = 292
• 11.4 Long-term behaviour and ageing = 298
• 11.4.1 General remarks = 298
• 11.4.2 Shrinkage and creep = 299
• 11.4.3 Strength under sustained load = 309
• 11.5 Durability = 312
• 11.5.1 Definition and importance of durability = 312
• 11.5.2 Performance of a structure and its variation with time = 313
• 11.5.3 Durability in freeze-thaw cycles = 315
• 11.5.4 Durability with respect to carbonation = 319
• 11.5.5 Durability with respect to other external actions = 322
• 11.6 Behaviour in high and low temperatures = 323
• 11.6.1 Limits of temperatures = 323
• 11.6.2 Cement-based materials in elevated temperatures = 324
• 11.6.3 Cement-based materials in very low temperatures = 329
• 11.7 Transportation of liquids and gases in hardened composites = 332
• 11.8 Accelerated testing = 335
• References = 337
• 12 Design of cement-based composites = 343
• 12.1 Requirements imposed by the conditions of execution = 343
• 12.2 Requirements imposed on hardened material = 347
• 12.3 Other requirements and methodology of design = 348
• 12.4 Review of concrete mix design methods = 352
• 12.5 Recommendations for the design of fibre-reinforced cement composites = 358
• References = 362
• 13 Optimization of cement-based composites = 363
• 13.1 Optimization approach in the design of materials = 363
• 13.2 Basic concepts of material optimization = 364
• 13.3 Multi-criteria optimization of materials = 367
• 13.4 Application of multi-criteria optimization to the design of cement composites = 369
• 13.5 Examples of material optimization = 369
• 13.6 General remarks = 386
• References = 387
• 14 Special kinds of cement based composites = 389
• 14.1 Soil cements = 389
• 14.1.1 General information = 389
• 14.1.2 Mechanical properties = 389
• 14.1.3 Granular soil with fibre-reinforcement = 390
• 14.2 Composites with special reinforcement = 391
• 14.2.1 Asbestos cements = 391
• 14.2.2 Ferrocements = 394
• 14.2.3 Cement composites with textile reinforcement = 399
• 14.2.4 Slurry infiltrated fibre concrete (SIFCON) = 400
• 14.3 Polymer concretes = 402
• 14.4 High strength matrices = 407
• 14.5 High performance concretes (HPC) = 413
• 14.5.1 Definitions and general information = 415
• 14.5.2 Components = 415
• 14.5.3 Micro-structure = 422
• 14.5.4 Technology = 423
• 14.5.5 Mechanical properties = 424
• 14.5.6 Application of HPC and VHPC = 428
• 14.5.7 Economic considerations and further development of HPC = 430
• References = 432
• 15 Application and development of cement-based composites = 439
• 15.1 Conditions and main directions = 439
• 15.1.1 Improvement of quality = 439
• 15.1.2 Principal directions of applications = 439
• 15.1.3 Main properties = 439
• 15.1.4 Conditions for further development = 440
• 15.1.5 New components and technologies = 440
• 15.1.6 Standards and recommendations = 441
• 15.2 Non-structural applications = 442
• 15.2.1 Elements for low cost buildings = 442
• 15.2.2 Linings of tunnels = 443
• 15.2.3 Permanent formworks = 444
• 15.3 Repair and rehabilitation of concrete structures = 444
• 15.4 Development of research and testing methods = 447
• 15.5 Research needs = 449
• References = 451
• Author index = 455
• Subject index = 463