Perception and motor control in birds : an ecological approach

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Introduction to Section Ⅰ = 1
• 1 Form and Function in the Optical Structure of Bird Eyes / G.R. Martin (With 9 Figures) = 5
• 1.1 Introduction = 5
• 1.2 The Bases of Diversity in Avian Eye Structure = 6
• 1.3 Quantitative Descriptions of Eye Structures and Their Properties = 7
• 1.4 Interpretations of Diversity = 8
• 1.4.1 Shape and Size of Eyes = 9
• 1.4.2 The Optical Design of Eyes = 12
• 1.5 The Role of the Iris = 16
• 1.5.1 Pupil Size and Image Brightness = 16
• 1.5.2 Pupil Size and Image Quality = 18
• 1.5.3 Pupil Size and Depth of Field = 19
• 1.6 Visual Fields = 23
• 1.6.1 Monocular Fields = 23
• 1.6.2 Binocular and Panoramic Fields = 24
• 1.6.3 Visual Fields and Amphibious Habits = 28
• 1.7 Concluding Remarks = 30
• References = 30
• 2 Functional Accommodation in Birds / F. Schaeffel (With 10 Figures) = 35
• 2.1 The Power and Precision of Accommodation as a Distance Cue = 35
• 2.2 A Technique to Measure Accommodation in Unrestrained, Alert Birds = 37
• 2.3 Mechanisms of Accommodation in Terrestrial Birds = 39
• 2.3.1 Speed of Accommodation = 41
• 2.3.2 Coupled and Uncoupled Accommodation and the Convergence of Information = 43
• 2.4 Visual Guidance of Pecking Behaviour = 43
• 2.5 Lower Field Myopia : an Adaptation That "Keeps the Ground in Focus"? = 45
• 2.6 The Role of Accommodation in Judging Distances = 48
• References = 51
• 3 Binocular Depth Perception / S ; A ; McFadden (With 5 Figures) = 54
• 3.1 Introduction = 54
• 3.2 What Exactly is Stereopsis? = 56
• 3.2.1 Retinal Disparity and Stereopsis = 56
• 3.2.2 Type s of Stereopsis = 57
• 3.3 Stereopsis in Birds = 58
• 3.3.1 Neural Mechanisms for Local Stereopsis in Birds = 59
• 3.3.2 Behavioural Tests of Stereopsis in Birds = 59
• 3.4 Binocular Vision and the Oculomotor System in Birds = 62
• 3.4.1 The Position of the Binocular Field = 62
• 3.4.2 The Visual Trident in Birds = 63
• 3.4.3 Binocular Fixation and Fusion = 64
• 3.4.4 Vergence Eye Movements = 65
• 3.4.5 Stereoscopic Limits Imposed Through the Oculomotor System = 66
• 3.5 Role of Binocular Vision in the Guidance of Avian Behaviour = 67
• 3.5.1 Guidance of the Peck Movement = 68
• 3.5.2 Dependence of Behaviour on the Frame of Reference = 69
• 3.6 Conclusions = 70
• References = 70
• 4 Sound Cues to Distance : The Perception of Range / P.K. McGregor (With 5 Figures) = 74
• 4.1 Introduction = 74
• 4.2 Why Range? = 74
• 4.3 Ranging Cues = 75
• 4.4 The Experimental Evidence for Ranging Ability = 79
• 4.5 Mechanisms of Degradation Perception = 84
• 4.6 Ranging and Honesty = 87
• 4.7 Some Developments of Ranging Studies = 89
• 4.7.1 Ranging as a Component of Other Signalling Behaviour = 89
• 4.7.2 Resolution of Ranging = 90
• 4.8 Conclusions = 91
• References 91
• 5 Avian Orientation : Multiple Sensory Cues and the Advantage of Redundancy / R. Wiltschko ; W. Wiltschko (With 13 Figures) = 95
• 5.1 Theoretical Considerations = 95
• 5.2 Compass Mechanisms and Their Interrelation = 97
• 5.2.1 The Magnetic Compass of Birds = 97
• 5.2.2 The Interrelation Between Magnetic Compass and Sun Compass = 99
• 5.2.3 Directional Orientation at Night = 102
• 5.2.4 Integrating Directional Orientation = 104
• 5.3 Mechanism for Determining the Home Direction = 104
• 5.3.1 Navigation by Route-Specific Information = 105
• 5.3.2 Site-Specific Information - the Navigational "Map" = 107
• 5.3.3 Different Strategies Supplement Each Other = 110
• 5.4 Determining the Migratory Direction = 111
• 5.4.1 Reference Systems for the Migratory Direction = 112
• 5.4.2 The Interrelation Between Celestial Rotation and the Magnetic Field During Ontogeny = 113
• 5.5 Conclusion = 115
• References = 116
• Introduction to Section Ⅱ = 121
• 6 Neuroembryology of Motor Behaviour in Birds / A. Bekoff = 125
• 6.1 Introduction = 125
• 6.2 The Environment Within the Egg = 126
• 6.3 Embryonic Motor Behaviours = 126
• 6.3.1 Type I Embryonic Motility = 127
• 6.3.2 Type Ⅱ and Type III Embryonic Motility = 128
• 6.4 Role of Sensory Information During Ongoing Embryonic Behaviours = 129
• 6.4.1 What Sensory Information Is Available? = 129
• 6.4.2 How Is Sensory Information Used? = 130
• 6.5 Role of Sensory Input at Transitions in Behaviour = 131
• 6.6 Role of Prior Sensory Input in Development of Later Behaviours = 132
• 6.7 Conclusions = 132
• References = 133
• 7 Pre- and Postnatal Development of Wing-Flapping and Flight in Birds : Embryological Comparative and Evolutionary Perspectives / R.R. Provine (With 7 Figures) = 135
• 7.1 Introduction = 135
• 7.2 Prenatal Development of Spontaneous Wing-Flapping = 135
• 7.3 Neural Basis of Embryonic Behaviour = 137
• 7.4 Effect of Spontaneous Embryonic Behaviour on Muscle and Joint Development = 139
• 7.5 Naturally Occurring Motor Neuron Death = 139
• 7.6 Comparative Development of Wing-Flapping and Flight : Effects of Domestication = 140
• 7.7 Experimental Studies of the Postnatal Development of Wing-Flapping and Flight = 144
• 7.8 Bilateral Wing Coordination : Studies of Induced Bilateral Asymmetry = 147
• 7.9 Development of Wing-Flapping and Flight in Dystrophic Chickens = 150
• 7.10 Wing-Flapping in Flightless Birds : Evolutionary Insights = 151
• 7.11 Centripetal Hypothesis of Neurobehavioural Evolution = 154
• References = 155
• 8 Development of Prehensile Feeding in Ring Doves (Streptopelia risoria) : Learning Under Organismic and Task Constraints / J.D. Deich ; P.D. Balsam (With 7 Figures) = 160
• 8.1 Introduction = 160
• 8.2 Thrusting and Grasping During Feeding in the Adult = 161
• 8.3 Evidence for Plasticity and Skill in Adult Columbidae = 162
• 8.4 The Transition from Dependent to Independent Feeding in the Ring Dove = 164
• 8.5 Development of Pecking = 165
• 8.5.1 Behavioural Analysis of the Development of Pecking = 166
• 8.6 Behavioural Processes Underlying Development of Prehensile Feeding = 171
• 8.7 The Viewpoint That Prehensile Feeding Is a Preorganized Response = 173
• 8.8 Task Analysis = 175
• 8.9 Summary = 178
• References = 179
• 9 Ingestive Behaviour and the Sensorimotor Control of the Jaw / H.P. Zeigler ; R. Bermejo ; R. Bout (With 11 Figures) = 182
• 9.1 Introduction = 182
• 9.2 Ingestive Behaviour : Descriptive Analysis = 183
• 9.3 Functional Considerations = 185
• 9.4 Kinematic Analysis of Ingestive Jaw Movement Patterns = 185
• 9.4.1 Kinematics of Drinking = 186
• 9.4.2 Kinematics of Eating = 187
• 9.5 Morphology and Myology of the Pigeon Jaw = 190
• 9.6 Electromyographic Analysis of Ingestive Jaw Movements = 191
• 9.6.1 Jaw Muscle Activity Patterns During Eating = 191
• 9.6.2 Jaw Muscle Activity Patterns During Drinking = 195
• 9.7 Response Topography and the Modulation of Jaw Movement Pat terns = 196
• 9.8 Conclusions = 198
• References = 198
• 10 Motor Organization of the Avian Head-Neck System / G. Zweers ; R. Bout ; J. Heidweiller (With 10 Figures) = 201
• 10.1 Introduction = 201
• 10.2 Osteo- Muscular Design of the Avian Cervical Column = 202
• 10.2.1 Osteology = 202
• 10.2.2 Arthrology = 202
• 10.2.3 Myology = 203
• 10.3 Design Modifications of the Avian Cervical Column = 205
• 10.3.1 Ligamentum Elasticum Cervicale = 205
• 10.4 Patterning Head-Neck Movement and Motor Action = 206
• 10.4.1 Postures : Minimal : Flexion Model = 206
• 10.4.2 Motion : Least Motion Model = 207
• 10.4.3 Major Motion Principles = 209
• 10.4.4 Motor Pat terns = 212
• 10.5 Control of Head-Neck Movements = 213
• 10.5.1 Comparator Model of Head-Neck Control = 213
• 10.5.2 Connections in the Central Nervous System = 214
• 10.5.3 Network Control = 216
• 10.6 Conclusions = 218
• References = 219
• Introduction to Section Ⅲ = 223
• 11 Course Control During Flight / D.Bilo (With 7 Figures) = 227
• 11.1 Introduction : The Avian Flight Control System = 227
• 11.2 Fundamentals of Avian Aeromechanics of Course Control = 229
• 11.3 Head Stabilization and Head-Wing-Trunk Correlations During Slow Turning Flight = 232
• 11.4 Head Deflection and Activity of Flight Control Muscles in the Flow-Stimulated Pigeon = 234
• 11.5 Effects of Control Muscle Activity During Flight = 238
• 11.6 Minimum Model of the Functional Organization of Course Control = 239
• 11.7 The Extended Model : The Influence of Visceral and Vestibular Afferences on the Activity of Flight Control Muscles = 242
• 11.8 Improvement of Head Stabilization by Airflow Stimuli = 245
• References = 246
• 12 The Analysis of Motion in the Visual Systems of Birds / B.J. Frost ; D.R. Wylie ; Y.-C. Wang (With 10 Figures) = 248
• 12.1 Introduction = 248
• 12.1.1 Local Motion, Figure-Ground Segregation and Camouflage = 249
• 12.1.2 Trajectory and Spin = 249
• 12.1.3 Self-Induced Motion = 251
• 12.2 Object Motion in the Tectum and Tectofugal Pathway = 254
• 12.2.1 Relative Motion = 255
• 12.2.2 Figure-Ground Segregation Through Motion = 256
• 12.2.3 Motion in Depth and Time to Collision = 257
• 12.3 Visual Analysis of Self-Motion by the Accessory Optic System = 260
• 12.3.1 Cardinal Directions of Optic Flow = 261
• 12.3.2 Binocular Integration of Self-Induced Flow = 261
• 12.4 Future Directions = 266
• References = 266
• 13 An Eye or Ear for Flying / D.N. Lee (With 6 Figures) = 270
• 13.1 Introduction = 270
• 13.2 Flying by Eye = 271
• 13.2.1 Stabilizing Vision = 272
• 13.2.2 The Tau Function = 273
• 13.2.3 Other Optical Specifications of τ(Z) = 274
• 13.2.4 More General Tau = 275
• 13.2.5 Timing Interceptive Acts Under Acceleration = 277
• 13.2.6 Action-Scaling Space = 277
• 13.2.7 Theory of Control of Velocity of Approach = 280
• 13.2.8 Experiments on Control of Velocity of Approach by Eye = 281
• 13.3 Flying by Ear = 284
• 13.3.1 Acoustic Taus = 286
• 13.3.2 Experiments on Control of Velocity of Approach by Ear = 288
• 13.4 Concluding Remarks = 289
• References = 290
• 14 Directional Hearing in Owls : Neurobiology, Behaviour and Evolution S.F. Volman (With 8 Figures) = 292
• 14.1 Introduction = 292
• 14.2 Bilateral Ear Asymmetry and Sound Localization in Owls = 292
• 14.3 Neural Mechanisms for Sound Localization in Barn Owls = 299
• 14.4 Comparative Physiology of Sound Localization Among the Owls = 306
• 14.5 Evolution of Bilateral Ear Asymmetry = 309
• 14.6 Future Directions = 310
• References = 311
• 15 Tuning of Visuomotor Coordination During Prey Capture in Water Birds / G. Katzir (With 14 Figures) = 315
• 15.1 Introduction = 315
• 15.2 Surface Plungers and Strikers = 317
• 15.2.1 Light Reflection = 317
• 15.2.2 Light Refraction = 318
• 15.2.3 Surface Movement = 318
• 15.2.4 Coping with Light Reflection and Surface Movement = 319
• 15.3 Coping with Refraction : The Case of Herons and .Egrets = 320
• 15.3.1 Prey Capture by Little Egrets in the Field = 321
• 15.3.2 Prey Capture by Reef Herons in Captivity = 322
• 15.3.3 A Model for Coping with Light Refraction and Its Verification = 327
• 15.3.4 Prey Capture in Cattle Egrets and Squacco Herons in Captivity = 329
• 15.4 Visually Guided Prey Capture in Pied Kingfishers = 331
• 15.4.1 Estimation of Prey Depth = 332
• 15.4.2 Effect of Prey Movement on Capture Success = 333
• 15.5 Concluding Remarks = 336
• References = 336
• 16 Multiple Sources of Depth Information : An Ecological Approach / M.N.O. Davies ; P.R. Green (With 7 Figures) = 339
• 16.1 Depth Perception and the Control of Behaviour = 339
• 16.2 Models of Visual Depth Perception = 340
• 16.2.1 The Hierarchical Model = 340
• 16.2.2 The Heterarchical Model = 341
• 16.2.3 The Integration of Multiple Depth Cues = 348
• 16.3 Conclusions = 353
• References = 354
• Subject Index = 357