Nanofibrillated cellulose has great potential as a new material in cosmetics, automobiles, pharmaceutical and medical science, electrical devices, papermaking industry, and other applications. Nanofibrillated cellulose has a high aspect ratio and hydr...
Nanofibrillated cellulose has great potential as a new material in cosmetics, automobiles, pharmaceutical and medical science, electrical devices, papermaking industry, and other applications. Nanofibrillated cellulose has a high aspect ratio and hydrophilic characteristics that leads to unique rheological properties and network forming ability from even low consistency. Nanofibrillated cellulose suspension may have several processes such as transferring, dewatering and drying to use as the shape of sheet or foam. Therefore, the network properties and mechanical properties of nanofibrillated cellulose need investigation and better understanding. To achieve these objectives, the effect of nanofibrillation process, solidification of nanofibrillated cellulose, and the addition of polyelectrolyte on network properties are investigated.
Nanofibrillated cellulose is prepared by mechanical treatment using a grinder. The morphological change of the pulp fiber with mechanical treatment, water retention value, sedimentation concentration, and viscosity are evaluated through a number of passes. In this study, nanofibrillated cellulose can be prepared through 15 - 20 passes. However, it is important that the number of passes could be improved by changing the method of pretreatment or operation condition in the grinding process.
Network properties are evaluated as the state of suspension and mat through dynamic and tensile measurements. The network strength of nanofibrillated cellulose increased rapidly as a function of solids content, and showed a power law relationship. This result is similar to pulp fiber suspension. Thus, the network forming phenomenon is similar, even though the aspect ratio of nanofibrillated cellulose is much higher and the dimension is much smaller than pulp fiber. However, network formation of nanofibrillated cellulose occurred at a lower consistency of 0.2%, and the network strength is 5 - 20 times higher than pulp fiber with solids content.
Previous studies on network properties of nanofibrillated cellulose are limited to a low consistency. However, nanofibrillated cellulose of high solids content can be prepared using pressurized dewatering equipment, which is developed in this study. The yield stress had a power law relationship with the solids content over a wide range from 0.5% to 99% independent of the measurement method. Elastic modulus, tensile breaking stress and strain at break are evaluated. The elastic modulus and tensile breaking stress increased exponentially as a function of solids content. The wet strain at break of pulp fiber decreased gradually. However, the nanofibrillated cellulose increased until 50% of the solids content. When the degree of nanofibrillation is high, the strain at break increased more rapidly. Over 50% of the solids content, and strain at break decreased greatly. Therefore, the increase in the ability of maintaining the network structure even at higher deformation of nanofibrillated cellulose mat may be the reason. However, the solids content affected the ability of standing from deformation. Above 50% of the solids content, the rigidity increased significantly, which may be due the increase of hydrogen bonded areas.
The network properties of nanofibrillated cellulose can be changed by the addition of polyelectrolytes. Different types of polyelectrolytes are applied in this study. In particular, polyethyleneimine with a branched structure showed an increase in yield stress with increasing addition amount. However, the yield stress of nanofibrillated celullose suspension with a linear structure polyelectrolyte such as poly-diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride and cationic polyacrylamide decreased above a certain addition amount. The structure type and molecular weight of polyelectrolyte influenced the viscosity and the reformation of the network structure of nanofibrillated cellulose. Furthermore, polyelectrolytes affected the dewatering ability even though nanofibrillated cellulose is highly associated with each other. The results indicate that polyelectrolyte can change the network structure of nanofibrillated cellulose. The tensile properties of nanofibrillated cellulose are evaluated through a wet and dry state. In particular, the tensile breaking stress increased more than three times in the case of wet mat as to the type of polyelectrolyte and the addition amount. In the case of branched polyelectrolyte, the rapid change of tensile breaking stress is observed at the isoelectric point. From this result, it was found that the modification of surface charge of nanofibrillated cellulose is an important factor that determines the network or mechanical properties of the nanofibrillated cellulose mat. In the case of dry mat, the effect of the polyelectrolyte is not shown. For this reason, the effect of the hydrogen bond may be much higher than the polyelectrolyte.
This study provides a foundation for utilizing nanofibrillated cellulose. The network properties of nanofibrillated cellulose with solids content are traced and the possibility of controlling network properties by adding polyelectrolyte is investigated. It was expected that utilization of nanofibrillated cellulose for various fields of applications can increased.