Cases and materials on employment discrimination and employment law

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• PREFACE = ⅲ
• TABLE OF CASES = xxi
• TABLE OF AUTHORITIES = lv
• Introduction = 1
• PART ONE. DETERMINING EMPLOYEE STATUS
• Chapter One. Employees vs. Independent Contractors? = 9
• A. "Common Law" and "Economic Realities" Tests = 9
• Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company v. Darden = 9
• Secretary of Labor v. Lauritzen = 13
• Notes and Questions = 23
• B. The Rise of a "Contingent Workforce"? = 26
• C. Joint Employer Doctrine = 29
• Lopez v. Silverman = 29
• Notes and Questions = 39
• PART TWO. PROTECTING EMPLOYEES FROM STATUS DISCRIMINATION
• Chapter Two. Paradigms for Race and Other Status Discrimination Regulation = 45
• A. Introduction = 45
• Note on the Economic Status of African-Americans = 45
• Kenneth J. Arrow, Models of Job Discrimination = 46
• Notes and Questions = 50
• David Charney & G. Mitu Gulati, Efficiency Wages, Tournaments, and Discrimination = 52
• Notes and Questions = 53
• Note on Title Ⅶ of the 1964 Civil Rights Act and Other Federal Initiatives Against Race Discrimination in Employment = 54
• B. Proving Individual Disparate Treatment = 56
• McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green = 56
• Texas Dept. of Community Affairs v. Burdine = 59
• Notes and Questions = 64
• Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Products, Inc. = 68
• Notes and Questions = 75
• Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins = 77
• Notes and Questions = 85
• Note on Relief Available to Individual Victims of Title Ⅶ Violations = 89
• McKennon v. Nashville Banner Publishing Company = 92
• Notes and Questions = 96
• C. Proving Systemic Disparate Treatment = 97
• Teamsters v. United States = 97
• Hazelwood School District v. United States = 102
• Note on Title Ⅶ Pattern or Practice Litigation = 109
• Note on Statistical Analysis of Discrimination = 110
• Notes and Questions = 119
• D. Proving Unjustified Disparate Impact = 123
• 1. Basic Theory and Method of Proof = 123
• Griggs v. Duke Power Co. = 123
• Connecticut v. Teal = 127
• Notes and Questions = 131
• Dothard v. Rawlinson = 134
• New York City Transit Authority v. Beazer = 137
• Notes and Questions = 141
• Watson v. Fort Worth Bank and Trust = 143
• Notes and Questions = 145
• Wards Cove Packing Co., Inc., v. Atonio = 147
• Notes and Questions = 155
• 2. Establishing Business Necessity = 159
• Albemarle Paper Co. v. Moody = 159
• Notes and Questions = 164
• Washington v. Davis = 166
• United States v. State of South Carolina = 171
• National Education Ass'n v. South Carolina = 173
• Notes and Questions = 175
• Note on Uniform Guidelines and Employment Testing Litigation = 176
• Note on Nonscored, Objective Selection Criteria = 186
• Note on the Defense of Subjective Evaluation Systems = 189
• E. The Regulation of Status Discrimination by Unions = 191
• Goodman v. Lukens Steel Co. = 192
• Notes and Questions = 197
• F. Other Federal Causes of Action Against Status Discrimination = 200
• 1. The Constitutional Promise of Equal Protection : Application to Sexual Orientation Discrimination = 200
• High Tech Gays v. Defense Industrial Security Clearance Office = 201
• High Tech Gays v. Defense Industrial Security Clearance Office = 203
• Notes and Questions = 207
• Note on Sexual Orientation Discrimination = 208
• Note on the Enforcement of the Equal Protection Command = 210
• 2. Section 1981 = 212
• 3. Title Ⅵ of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Title Ⅸ of the Education Amendments of 1972 = 214
• 4. The Immigration Reform and Control Act = 215
• Chapter Three. The Status of Seniority Systems Under Title Ⅶ = 217
• A. Introduction = 217
• B. The Impact of Title Ⅶ Remedies on Seniority = 219
• Franks v. Bowman Transportation Co. = 219
• Teamsters v. United States = 226
• Notes and Questions = 231
• Note on Ford Motor Co. v. EEOC = 234
• C. Direct Title Ⅶ Challenges to Seniority Systems = 235
• Teamsters v. United States = 235
• Notes and Questions = 239
• United Airlines v. Evans = 242
• American Tobacco Co. v. Patterson = 244
• Notes and Questions = 248
• California Brewers Ass'n v. Bryant = 250
• Notes and Questions = 255
• Chapter Four. Affirmative Action = 257
• A. Introduction = 257
• Note on the Justifications for Affirmative Action = 257
• B. Judicially Ordered Affirmative Action = 259
• Local 28, Sheet Metal Workers v. EEOC = 259
• Note on United States v. Paradise = 271
• Notes and Questions = 273
• C. Voluntary Affirmative Action = 274
• 1. The Constitutional Standard = 274
• Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education = 274
• Note on Richmond v. J. A. Croson Co. = 285
• Notes and Questions = 286
• 2. The Title Ⅶ Standard = 289
• Paul E. Johnson v. Transportation Agency, Santa Clara County = 289
• Notes and Questions = 302
• Note on Title Ⅶ Consent Orders : Local No. 93, International Association of Firefighters v. Cleveland = 304
• D. Executive or Congressionally Ordered Affirmative Action = 306
• Note on Executive Order 11246 = 306
• Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Federico Pena = 310
• Notes and Questions = 320
• Chapter Five. Some Special Issues Associated with Sex Discrimination = 323
• A. Introduction = 323
• B. Sex-Based Pension Funding : The Problem of Rational Discriminatory Prediction = 324
• Arizona Governing Committee v. Norris = 324
• Notes and Questions = 331
• C. Pregnancy and Fertility = 333
• General Electric Co. v. Gilbert = 333
• Nashville Gas Co. v. Satty = 335
• Note on the Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 = 338
• Notes and Questions = 339
• D. The Bona Fide Occupational Qualification Defense = 343
• International Union, UAW v. Johnson Controls, Inc. = 343
• Notes and Questions = 353
• Wilson v. Southwest Airlines Co. = 356
• Notes and Questions = 362
• Note on Treatment of Grooming Codes Under Title Ⅶ = 364
• E. Sexual Harassment = 365
• Harris v. Forklift Systems, Inc. = 365
• Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc. = 369
• Notes and Questions = 373
• Faragher v. City of Boca Raton = 377
• Notes and Questions = 390
• Kolstad v. American Dental Association = 397
• Notes and Questions = 405
• F. Compensation Disparities = 407
• 1. The Equal Pay Act = 407
• Corning Glass Works v. Brennan = 407
• Kouba v. Allstate Ins. Co. = 412
• Notes and Questions = 415
• Note on the Equal Pay Act of 1963 = 419
• 2. Title Ⅶ and Comparable Worth = 420
• County of Washington v. Gunther = 421
• American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees, AFL-CIO v. State of Washington = 428
• Notes and Questions = 432
• Further Note on the Feasibility and Promise of Comparable Worth Litigation or Legislation = 435
• Paul C. Weiler, The Wages of Sex : The Uses and Limits of Comparable Worth = 435
• Notes and Questions = 440
• 3. Family Responsibilities and Compensation Disparities = 441
• Chapter Six. The Regulation of Age Discrimination = 444
• A. Introduction = 444
• Note on the ADEA Statutory Scheme = 448
• B. Disparate Treatment = 449
• 1. Applicability of Title Ⅶ Standards of Proof = 449
• O'Connor v. Consolidated Coin Caterers Corp. = 449
• Notes and Questions = 451
• Miller v. CIGNA Corp. = 453
• Notes and Questions = 459
• 2. Age as a Bona Fide Occupational Qualification = 461
• Western Air Lines v. Criswell = 461
• Notes and Questions = 466
• 3. Systemic Disparate Treatment and Statistical Proof = 469
• Mistretta v. Sandia Corp. = 469
• W. Connolly & D. Peterson, Use of Statistics in Equal Employment Opportunity Litigation = 476
• Notes and Questions = 478
• C. Disparate Impact = 480
• Hazen Paper Company v. Biggins = 480
• Notes and Questions = 484
• Geller v. Markham = 486
• Ellis v. United Airlines, Inc. = 488
• Notes and Questions = 492
• D. Benefits = 495
• 1. Note on Employee Benefit Plans and Age Discrimination = 495
• 2. Note on Title Ⅰ of the Older Workers Benefit Protection Act of 1990 = 496
• E. Retirement = 498
• Note on Mandatory Retirement = 498
• Note on Early Retirement Plans = 500
• Henn v. National Geographic Society = 502
• Notes and Questions = 505
• F. Waiver = 509
• Note on Waiver Agreements Under the OWBPA = 510
• Notes and Questions = 512
• Chapter Seven. The Regulation of Disability Discrimination = 515
• A. Introduction = 515
• B. Definition of "Disability" = 517
• Bragdon v. Abbott = 518
• Note on the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and the ADA = 527
• Notes and Questions = 529
• Sutton v. United Air Lines, Inc. = 533
• Notes and Questions = 548
• C. The Duty of Reasonable Accommodation = 555
• Vande Zande v. State of Wisconsin Department of Administration = 556
• Notes and Questions = 561
• Note on Essential Functions = 565
• Smithy. Midland Brake, Inc. = 567
• Notes and Questions = 576
• Note on Establishing Discriminatory Intent Under the ADA = 585
• Bragdon v. Abbott = 588
• Notes and Questions = 592
• Note on the ADA and Medical Examinations and Inquiries = 594
• Note on the ADA and the Disparate Impact Theory of Discrimination = 596
• Note on the ADA and Insurance = 598
• PART THREE. PROTECTING SOCIALLY VALUED ACTIVITY
• Chapter Eight. The Regulation of Religious Discrimination = 607
• A. Introduction = 607
• B. The Title Ⅶ Duty of Accommodation = 608
• Trans World Airlines, Inc. v. Hardison = 608
• Ansonia Board of Educ. v. Philbrook = 614
• Notes and Questions = 618
• C. The Constitutional Setting = 622
• Thornton v. Caldor = 622
• Notes and Questions = 624
• D. Discrimination by Religious Institutions = 626
• Chapter Nine. The Protection of Employee Expression and Association by The First Amendment = 630
• A. Introduction = 630
• Historical Note = 632
• B. Free Speech and Public Employment = 633
• Pickering v. Board of Education = 633
• Givhan v. Western Line Consolidated School District = 637
• Notes and Questions = 637
• Connick v. Myers = 640
• Note on Rankin v. McPherson = 647
• Notes and Questions = 648
• C. Free Association and Public Employment = 652
• Mclav.ghlin v. Tilendis = 652
• Notes and Questions = 653
• Chapter Ten. The Regulation of Employer Retaliation Against the Assertion of Employee Rights = 657
• A. Introduction = 657
• B. Express Antiretaliation Provisions : Participation Clause = 658
• Mattern v. Eastman Kodak Company = 658
• Notes and Questions = 666
• C. Express Antiretaliation Provisions : The Special Case of Self-Help Remedies = 672
• Hochstadt v. Worcester Foundation = 672
• Notes and Questions = 677
• Note on the Occupational Safety and Health Act = 681
• Whirlpool Corp. v. Marshall, Secretary of Labor = 683
• Notes and Questions = 688
• D. Implied Antiretaliation Provisions = 688
• Kelsay v. Motorola, Inc. = 689
• Notes and Questions = 692
• Chapter Eleven. Regulation of Discharge in Violation of "Public Policy" and Protection of "Whistleblowers" = 694
• A. Introduction = 694
• B. Employee Performance of Public Obligations = 695
• Nees v. Hocks = 695
• Notes and Questions = 697
• C. Employee Refusal to Perform Illegal, Unethical or Deleterious Work = 698
• Tameny v. Atlantic Richfield Co. = 698
• Notes and Questions = 702
• Pierce v. Ortho Pharmaceutical Corp. = 707
• Notes and Questions = 713
• D. Whistleblowers = 717
• Geary v. United States Steel Corp. = 717
• Palmateer v. International Harvester Co. = 721
• Notes and Questions = 724
• Note on Statutory Protection of Whistleblowers = 727
• E. Employee Assertion of Political Freedom = 732
• Novosel v. Nationwide Insurance Co. = 732
• Notes and Questions = 735
• PART FOUR. PROTECTING EMPLOYEES FROM ARBITRARY OR INTRUSIVE DECISIONMAKING
• Chapter Twelve. "Employment At Will" and Its Growing Exceptions = 739
• A. Introduction = 739
• B. Origin of The Doctrine of Employment-At-Will = 740
• Jay M. Feinman, The Development of the Employment at Will Rule = 740
• Notes and Questions = 745
• C. The Current State of The Doctrine = 747
• 1. Contract Theories of Recovery = 748
• a. Personnel Manuals／Employee Handbooks = 748
• Woolley v. Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc. = 748
• Notes and Questions = 756
• b. Express and Implied Oral Contracts = 764
• Ohanian v. Avis Rent A Car System, Inc. = 764
• Foley v. Interactive Data Corporation = 769
• Notes and Questions = 772
• c. The Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing = 776
• Fortune v. National Cash Register Co. = 776
• Notes and Questions = 780
• d. What Constitutes "Good Cause"? = 783
• Cotran v. Rollins Hudig Hall Int'l = 783
• Notes and Questions = 792
• 2. Tort Theories of Recovery = 793
• a. "Bad-Faith Breach" = 793
• Foley v. Interactive Data Cory = 793
• Notes and Questions = 797
• b. Tort of Fraud or Deceit = 799
• Hunter v. Up-Right, Inc. = 799
• Notes and Questions = 804
• c. Intentional Interference with Contractual Relations = 808
• Cappiello v. Ragen Precision Industries, Inc. = 808
• Notes and Questions = 811
• d. Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress = 813
• Note on Emotional Distress in the Workplace Claims = 813
• e. Defamation = 815
• Lewis v. Equitable Life Assur. Society = 815
• Notes and Questions = 820
• D. Evaluating the Case for Wrongful Discharge Legislation = 824
• 1. Is Legislation Warranted? = 825
• Richard Epstein, In Defense of The Contract at Will = 825
• Notes and Questions = 829
• Note on Measuring the Costs of Wrongful Dismissal Protections = 832
• Note on the Critique of the Employment-At-Will Doctrine = 832
• Paul C. Weiler, The Case of Wrongful Dismissal = 834
• Notes and Questions = 836
• 2. What Form Should the Legislation Take? = 838
• Montana Wrongful Discharge From Employment Act = 838
• Notes and Questions = 838
• Note on the Uniform Law Commissioners' Model Employment Termination Act = 841
• Samuel Estreicher, Unjust Dismissal Laws : Some Cautionary Notes = 842
• Notes and Questions = 845
• Chapter Thirteen. Protection From Intrusive Employment Practices = 848
• A. Introduction = 848
• B. Constitutional Protections in The Public Sector = 849
• 1. Physical Privacy = 849
• O'Connor v. Ortega = 849
• Notes and Questions = 856
• Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives' Association = 859
• Note on National Treasury Employees Union v. Von Raab = 868
• Notes and Questions = 869
• 2. Associational Privacy = 876
• Note on Associational Privacy = 876
• C. Emerging Protection of Private Sector Employees = 877
• 1. Federal Statutory Law = 877
• a. 1988 Employee Polygraph Protection Act = 877
• b. l974 Privacy Act = 879
• c. 1970 Fair Crediting Report Act = 880
• d. 1968 Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act = 881
• e. 1986 Electronic Communications Privacy Act = 882
• f. 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act = 883
• 2. State Law Developments = 884
• a. State Statutory and Constitutional Law = 884
• Cort v. Bristol-Myers Co. = 884
• Notes and Questions = 887
• b. State Common Law = 892
• Rulon-Miller v. IBM Corp. = 892
• Notes and Questions = 897
• 3. Collective Bargaining Agreements = 899
• Chapter Fourteen. Post-Termination Restraints = 901
• A. Introduction = 901
• B. No-Compete Covenants = 901
• BDO Seidman v. Hirshberg = 901
• Notes and Questions = 908
• C. "Inevitable Disclosure" and Other Implied Restraints = 912
• PepsiCo, Inc. v. Redmond = 912
• Notes and Questions = 920
• D. Trade Secrets = 924
• AMP Inc. v. Fleischhacker = 924
• Notes and Questions = 931
• PART FIVE. "MINIMUM TERMS" LAWS : FILLING OUT THE EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT
• Chapter Fifteen. The Regulation of Compensation and Work Hours = 937
• A. Introduction = 937
• B. Minimum Wage Laws = 938
• 1. The Policy Debate = 938
• Daniel Shaviro The Minimum Wage *** and Optimal Subsidy Policy = 939
• Notes and Questions = 943
• 2. The Substantive Obligation = 946
• a. Coverage = 946
• Secretary of Labor v. Lauritzen = 946
• Notes and Questions = 946
• b. Other Issues = 948
• Note on Prevailing Wage Laws = 948
• C. Overtime Regulation = 949
• 1. Determining Overtime Pay = 949
• Bright v. Houston Northwest Medical Center Survivor, Inc. = 949
• Notes and Questions = 954
• 2. FLSA Exemptions = 961
• a. "Salary Basis" Test = 961
• Auer v. Robbins = 961
• Notes and Questions = 965
• b. The "Duties" Test = 968
• Dalheim v. KDFW-TV = 968
• Notes and Questions = 975
• D. State Wage Payment Laws = 980
• In the Matter of Dean Witter Reynolds Inc. v. Philip Ross = 980
• Notes and Questions = 985
• Chapter Sixteen. The Regulation of Employee Benefits = 989
• A. Overview = 989
• Notes and Questions = 990
• B. ERISA-Covered "Plans" = 996
• Williams v. Wright = 996
• Notes and Questions = 1002
• C. Eligible "Participants" = 1004
• Vizcaino v. Microsoft Corporation = 1004
• Notes and Questions = 1012
• D. Disclosure Obligations = 1016
• Hughes Salaried Retirees Action Committee v. Administrator = 1016
• Firestone Tire & Rubber Co v. Bruch = 1020
• Notes and Questions = 1022
• E. Fiduciary Obligations = 1023
• 1. Plan Administrator Decisions = 1023
• Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. v. Bruch = 1023
• Notes and Questions = 1027
• 2. Plan Amendments = 1029
• Lockheed Corporation v. Spink = 1029
• Notes and Questions = 1035
• F. § 510 : Non-"Interference" Obligations = 1042
• 1. "Fundamental Business Decisions" = 1042
• Inter-Modal Rail Employees Asan. v. Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway Co. = 1042
• Notes and Questions = 1045
• 2. Targeted Benefit Plan Changes = 1048
• McGann v. H & H Music Company = 1048
• Notes and Questions = 1052
• PART FIVE. ISSUES OF PROCEDURAL DESIGN
• Chapter Seventeen. Procedural Systems for Regulating Employment Decisions = 1055
• A. Introduction = 1055
• Note on Range of Procedural Choice = 1055
• B. Title Ⅶ and ADEA As Hybrid Regulatory Systems : Selected Issues = 1063
• 1. Nature of Delegated Administrative Authority = 1063
• General Electric Co. v. Gilbert = 1063
• Alfred Blumrosen, The Binding Effect of Affirmative Action Guidelines = 1064
• Notes and Questions = 1065
• 2. Administrative Filing Requirements = 1066
• EEOC v. Commercial Office Products Co. = 1067
• Notes and Questions = 1070
• Note on EEOC Litigation = 1074
• 3. Timing of Violation = 1075
• Lorance v. AT & T Technologies = 1075
• Notes and Questions = 1079
• Note on "Continuing Violations" Theory = 1081
• 4. Class Actions = 1083
• General Telephone Company of The Southwest v. Mariano S. Falcon = 1083
• Notes and Questions = 1087
• Allison v. Citgo Petroleum Corp. = 1091
• Notes and Questions = 1104
• 5. Attorney's Fees = 1109
• Chritiansburg Garment Co. v. EEOC = 1109
• Pennsylvania v. Delaware Valley Citizens' Council = 1112
• Notes and Questions = 1120
• Chapter Eighteen. Problems of Coordination, Deferral and Preemption = 1125
• A. Introduction = 1125
• B. Relationships Among Federal Systems = 1126
• 1. The Civil Rights Statutes, the Constitution and Modern Administrative Systems = 1126
• Johnson v. Railway Express Agency, Inc. = 1126
• Great American Federal Savings & Loan Association v. Novotny = 1129
• Notes and Questions = 1134
• 2. Private Grievance Arbitration and Federal Statutory Claims = 1138
• Alexander v. Gardner-Denver Company = 1138
• Notes and Questions = 1144
• Note on Alexander v. Gardner-Denver and the Waiver of Title Ⅶ Rights in Collective Agreements = 1146
• Gilmer v. Interstate／Johnson Lane Corp. = 1148
• Notes and Questions = 1155
• Note on Wright v. Universal Maritime Service and the Continuing Viability of Alexander v. Gardner-Denver = 1163
• C. Relationships Among Federal and State Systems = 1165
• 1. Effect of State Adjudication on Federal Actions = 1165
• Kremer v. Chemical Construction Corp. = 1165
• Notes and Questions = 1172
• 2. Preemption of State Law by Title Ⅶ = 1176
• California Federal Savings and Loan Association v. Guerra = 1176
• Notes and Questions = 1181
• 3. Preemption of State Law by ERISA = 1182
• Fort Halifax Packing Co., Inc. v. Coyne = 1182
• FMC Corporation v. Holliday = 1187
• Notes and Questions = 1192
• 4. Preemption of State Law by LMRA = 1198
• Lingle v. Norge Division of Magic Chef, Inc. = 1198
• Notes and Questions = 1204
• Note on Machinists Preemption = 1209
• INDEX = 1211