18·19세기 경상도 남부지역의 상품유통구조 = The Circulating Structure of Commodities in Southern Regions of the Kyungsang-do(慶尙道) in 18th and 19th Centuries

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The developments of communicative networks that connected the rural markets with the boat landing(浦口) in river and sea led to the active commercial circulations between the interiors of Kyungsang-do(慶尙道) regions and inter-regions in the late Chosun Dynasty. Kyungsang-do was one of the provinces that held the most number of fairs. From the 18th century to the late 19th century the markets rising as the centre markets of villages, the production and circulation markets of small merchants were established by systematization of five-day markets. Thus, the big market areas among five-day markets in Kun-Hyun(郡縣)-Changwon, Chinju, Ulsan, Tongnae, Hadong, and so on-formed the cycling areas and functioned as the center markets, nearby areas serving as marginal markets. As a result, the close circulating relationship was established. That is, the circulating combinations of inner regions and inter-regions generated from the intensions of connecting relations in each market led to the formations of the wide circulating areas. Within that circulating areas, the long distance merchants as well as small ones in regions participated, developing the monopolistic commerces.
The relations between commerce activities and the waterway and seaway were very close. By the organic connections of the inland boat landings in Nakdong-river and the southern coastal boat landings the major boat landings in Nakdong-river like Masuwonjin(馬首院津) in Changnyong-Euryoung, Pakjin(朴津) in Kigang(岐江), or the major boat landings in the coast like Tongnaepusanpo, Changwonmasanpo, Cliinjusamchonpo-Kasanpo, Hadongpo etc, formed the close circulating networks. For example, Samrangjin was the important spot of ships and commerce circulations, and the collecting center connected with many counties in northeast regions； as for Pusanpo as much as 50% of the commodities gathered there circulated by way of water transport of Nakdong-river. Masanpo in Changwon as the big boat landing in Keongsangdo was the gathering spot of commodities along with the inner boat landing in neighboring Chinhae.
As the circulating commodities treated by sailing merchants increased, the growths of the owners of ships and of boat landings became remarkable in the course of gathering and trading of commodities. The owners of boat landings acted mainly in collusion with authorities when they made the rights of owner at the beginning. Or, sometimes they depended on the powerful groups to maintain the previleges as the rights of owner. Particularly in the early 19th century, the profits of the owners of boat landings at Masanpo in Changwon and Kasanpo in Chinju amounted to the thousands or ten thousands of Nyang(兩) with immense gathering of grains and commodities and concentrations of the sailing merchants.
After the opening port, the rights of owner were specialized according to each commodities, for the commodities were diversified and the professional Kaegju(客主) emerged who treated the specific commodities. The typical case of it was the grian Kaegju in Chinju or Tongyoung. They dominated over the sailing merchants and the peddler in the markets and boat landings by developments of monopolistic commerces. In the later 19th, as for owners of boat landings or Kaegju the possibility of accumulations of trading capitals was extended in the boat landings of nearby towns and opening ports.