1차 베이비부머와 2차 베이비부머의 생활만족도에 관한 비교연구

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study aims to identify the influential factors contributing to the life satisfaction in the 1st baby boomer and the 2nd baby boomer. To put it concretely, this study analyzed the actual condition of the life-related factors in the 1st baby boomer and the 2nd baby boomer ？ health living, economic life, housing life, family life, and leisure life, and then figured out the level of health satisfaction, economic satisfaction, residential satisfaction, family relation satisfaction, leisure satisfaction, and overall life satisfaction in the 1st baby boomer and the 2nd baby boomer. Finally, this study analyzed the relative influence of life satisfaction by area in the 1st baby boomer and the 2nd baby boomer, general characteristics contributing to the overall life satisfaction, and life-related factors.
As research material, the 6th Korea Welfare Panel Survey, conducted by Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs in 2011 was used, and of 14,696 subjects in total, 1,563 individuals who were born from 1955 to 1963(48-56 years old at the end of 2011, in Korean age) for the 1st baby boomer and 1,330 individuals who were born from 1968 to 1974(37-43 years old at the end of 2011, in Korean age) for the 2nd baby boomer were selected. The research targets were limited to a householder or a spouse, for this study focused on home and family life-related factors and life satisfaction.
To analyze research problems, SPSS 20.0 was used, and conducted simple frequency and percentage frequency, cross tabulation, χ2-test, average and standard deviation, t-test, and multiple regression analysis were carried out. Prior to regression analysis, Pearson’s Coefficient and VIF were checked.

The analysis results of research questions can be summarized as follows:
Research Question 1 analyzed the actual condition of the health living in the 1st baby boomer and the 2nd baby boomer. As a result, the proportion of chronic disease was 44.7%, 18.7%, smoking rate 40.7%, 38.5%, and suicidal idea 14.7%, 11.2% in the 1st baby boomer vs the 2nd baby boomer. And then, observed frequency and expected frequency were compared. As a result, the percentage was much higher in the 1st baby boomer than in the 2nd baby boomer. The percentage of obtaining health insurance was 93.7%, 97.6%, and the drinking rate 58.6%, 71.0%, respectively in the 1st baby boomer vs in the 2nd baby boomer. The observed value was higher than the expected value in the 2nd baby boomer. This suggests that the percentage of obtaining health insurance and the drinking rate were higher in the 2nd baby boomer than in the 1st baby boomer. On the other hand, in psychological health status, the 1st baby boomer scored at 3.61 (average), whereas the 2nd baby boomer at 4.07 (average).
Next, the current status of economic life in the 1st baby boomer and the 2nd baby boomer were analyzed. As a result, the household gross income was 478.74 ten thousand won(average), 412.10 ten thousand won(average), possession of savings accounts 44.8%, 36.2%, total assets 15,405 ten thousand won, 11,917 ten thousand won, possession of real assets 48.9%, 38.2%, possession of liabilities 64.0%, 68.9%, and net assets 17,030 ten thousand won, 12,436 ten thousand won, respectively, in the 1st baby boomer vs the 2nd baby boomer. And then, the observed value and the expected value were compared. As a result, the percentage was higher in the 1st baby boomer than in the 2nd baby boomer. On the other hand, the minimum cost of living was 228.79 ten thousand won(average) and 335.32 ten thousand won(average), proper cost of living 245.46 ten thousand won(average) and 360.48 ten thousand won(average), respectively, in the 1st baby boomer household vs in the 2nd baby boomer household. This suggests that the minimum cost of living and the proper cost of living were one million won higher in the 2nd baby boomer household than in the 1st baby boomer household.
The actual condition of housing life in the 1st baby boomer vs in the 2nd baby boomer was analyzed. As a result, the owner-occupied housing share was 61.5%, 50.6%, respectively, in the 1st baby boomer vs in the 2nd baby boomer. The owner-occupied housing share was much higher in the 1st baby boomer. The 1st baby boomers mostly resided in a detached house and other types of housing, and the 2nd baby boomers mostly resided in an apartment. The 2nd baby boomers held more housing-related debts than the 1st baby boomers, but their populating housing showed a good state in a heat-resistant·fire-resistant·heat dissipating·damp proofing condition and in a soundproofing·ventilating·lighting·heating equipment and had no noise·vibration·odor·air pollution and was safe from the natural disaster. This suggests that housing structure·performance·environment was much better in the 2nd baby boomer than in the 1st baby boomer. In addition, the housing area was larger in the 2nd baby boomer than in the 1st baby boomer.
In the family life between the 1st baby boomer vs the 2nd baby boomer, 55.6% of the 1st baby boomers had anxiety or conflict among family members and most of them had problems in employment, unemployment, and health. 44.1% of the 2nd baby boomers had anxiety or conflict and most of them had economic difficulties, child education, etc. For the composure level in solving problems among family members when there is a clash of opinions, the 1st baby boomer scored at 2.39 point(average) and the 2nd baby boomer at 2.27 (average), which showed that they tended to discuss a problem calmly.
In the actual condition of leisure life in the 1st baby boomer and the 2nd baby boomer, 12.3% of the 1st baby boomers was engaged in volunteer activity, whereas the 2nd baby boomer’s volunteer activity was higher at 15.3% than the 1st baby boomer’s, and 5.9% of the 1st baby boomer group used Internet and the 2nd baby boomer group’s Internet use rate was at 91.5%, which suggested that the 2nd baby boomer group’s observed frequency exceeded the expected frequency. On the other hand, there was a significant difference in leisure spending: the 1st baby boomer group spent 10.96 ten thousand won and the 2nd baby boomer group 13.30 ten thousand won.
Research Question 2 analyzed the life satisfaction by life area in the 1st baby boomer and in the 2nd baby boomer. As a result, there was a significant difference in health satisfaction, economic satisfaction, family relation satisfaction, leisure satisfaction, and overall life satisfaction. Health satisfaction in the 1st baby boomer vs in the 2nd baby boomer was 3.33 point(average), 3.77 point(average), respectively. This suggested that their health satisfaction was higher than the ordinary level. Economic satisfaction in the 1st baby boomer scored at 2.65 point(average), which was lower than the 2nd baby boomer(2.83 point), and their level of economic satisfaction did not reach the ordinary level in both groups. In the family relation satisfaction, the 1st baby boomer scored at 3.85 point(average), whereas the 2nd baby boomer scored at 4.03 point(average), which was at a generally satisfied level. The leisure satisfaction in the 1st baby boomer vs in the 2nd baby boomer was at a moderate level: 2.99 point(average), 3.14 point(average), respectively. To compare the difference in overall life satisfaction, the 1st baby boomer scored at 3.42 point(average), whereas the 2nd baby boomer scored at 3.62 point(average). The level of family relation satisfaction was the highest and the level of economic satisfaction was the lowest in both groups.
Research Question 3 identified the influential factors contributing to the life satisfaction of baby boom generation by life area. To do so, multiple regression was carried out in two stages. As a result, the variables that had a significant impact on the health satisfaction in the 1st baby boomers were psychological health status, presence of chronic disease, health insurance, and state of employment in consecutive order. When the state of employment was added in the second stage, R2 increase was 0.004, which was statistically significant. The variables that had a significant impact on the health satisfaction in the 2nd baby boomer were psychological health status, presence of chronic disease, health insurance, and academic ability in order. When academic ability was added in the 2nd stage, R2 increase was 0.012, which was statistically significant.
The variables that had a significant impact on the economic satisfaction in the 1st baby boomer were total cost of living of household, number of household member, presence of liabilities, financial assets, and real assets in consecutive order. When the number of household member was added in the 2nd stage, R2 increase was 0.011, which was statistically significant. The variables that had a significant impact on the economic satisfaction in the 2nd baby boomer were total cost of living of household, financial assets, academic ability, and presence of savings in consecutive order. When academic ability was added in the 2nd stage, R2 increase was 0.012, which was statistically significant.
The variables that had a significant impact on the residential satisfaction in the 1st baby boomer were living space, heat-resistant·fire-resistant·heat dissipating·damp proofing house, housing tenure(self-owned), type of housing(single house), type of housing(others), safety from the natural disasters, and number of household member in consecutive order. When the number of household member was added, R2 increase was 0.003, which was statistically significant. The variables that had an impact on the residential satisfaction in the 2nd baby boomer were living space, type of housing(single house), type of housing(others), heat-resistant·fire-resistant·heat dissipating·damp proofing house, noise·vibration·odor·air pollution, housing tenure, number of household member, and residential district in consecutive order. When the number of household member was added in the 2nd stage, R2 increased by 0.002, which was statistically significant.
The factors that had an impact on the family relation satisfaction in the 1st baby boomer were composure level solving problems among family members when there is a clash of opinions, frequency of a conflict of opinions among family members, presence of spouse, presence of child, state of employment, and academic ability in consecutive order. When presence of spouse, presence of child, state of employment, and academic ability were added, R2 increase was 0.047, which was statistically significant. The variables that had a significant impact on the family relation satisfaction in the 2nd baby boomer were composure level in solving problems among family members when there is a clash of opinions, frequency of a conflict of opinions among family members, academic ability, and presence of child in consecutive order. When academic ability and presence of child were added in the 2nd stage, R2 increase was 0.019, which was statistically significant.
The factors that had an impact on the leisure satisfaction in the 1st baby boomer were leisure cost, volunteer activity, Internet use, and presence of spouse in order. When presence of spouse was added, R2 increase was 0.005, which was statistically significant. The variables that had a significant impact on the leisure satisfaction in the 2nd baby boomer were leisure cost, volunteer activity, academic ability, Internet use, and presence of spouse in order. When academic ability and presence of spouse were added, R2 increase was 0.002, which was statistically significant.
The variables that had a significant impact on the overall life satisfaction in the 1st baby boomer were psychological health status, total living cost of household, housing tenure, living space, composure level in solving problems among family members when there is a clash of opinions, frequency of a conflict of opinions among family members, debts, real assets, number of household member, heat-resistant·fire-resistant·heat dissipating·damp proofing house, volunteer activity, and type of housing(others) in order. When the number of household member was added in the 2nd stage, R2 increase was 0.003, which was statistically significant. The variables that had an impact on the overall life satisfaction in the 2nd baby boomer were composure level in solving problems among family members when there is a clash of opinions, financial assets, psychological health status, presence of spouse, total living cost of household, type of housing (single house), frequency of a conflict of opinions among family members, and health insurance in order. When the presence of spouse was added in the 2nd stage, R2 increase was 0.009, which was statistically significant.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 1차 베이비부머와 2차 베이비부머의 생활만족도에 미치는 요인들의 영향을 파악하는데 목적을 두었다. 구체적으로 1차 베이비부머와 2차 베이비부머의 생활관련 요인인 건강생활, 경제생활, 주거생활, 가족생활 및 여가생활의 실태를 분석하였고, 1차 베이비부머와 2차 베이비부머의 건강만족도, 경제만족도, 주거만족도, 가족관계만족도, 여가만족도, 생활전반만족도의 수준을 파악하였다. 마지막으로 1차 베이비부머와 2차 베이비부머의 영역별 생활만족도와 생활전반만족도에 영향을 미치는 일반적 특성과 생활관련 요인들의 상대적 영향력을 분석하였다.
연구자료는 2011년 한국보건사회연구원에서 실시한 제 6차 한국복지패널을 사용하였고, 전체 조사대상자 14,696명 중 1차 베이비붐 세대는 1955년에서 1963년(2011년 기준 만 48-56세)사이에 태어난 인구집단인 1,563명, 2차 베이비붐 세대는 1968년에서 1974년(2011년 기준 만 37-43세)사이에 태어난 인구집단인 1,330명을 선정하였다. 이때 조사대상자를 가구주나 배우자로 제한하였는데 그 이유는 가정 및 가족들의 생활관련 요인과 생활만족도에 초점을 두었기 때문이다.
연구문제 분석을 위해 SPSS 통계프로그램(Version 20.0)을 이용하였으며, 단순빈도와 백분율, 교차분석, χ2검정, 평균과 표준편차, t검정, 다중회귀분석을 실시하였다. 회귀분석에 앞서 피어슨의 상관관계계수(Pearson’s Coefficient)와 VIF값을 확인하였다.

연구문제의 분석결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다.
연구문제1에서 1차 베이비부머와 2차 베이비부머의 건강생활 실태를 분석한 결과, 1차 베이비부머와 2차 베이비부머의 만성질환이 있는 비율이 각각 44.7%, 18.7%, 흡연하는 비율이 각각 40.7%, 38.5%, 지금까지 자살생각이 있는 비율이 각각 14.7%, 11.2%로 나타나 관찰빈도와 기대빈도를 비교한 결과 1차 베이비부머는 2차 베이비부머에 비해 비율이 더 높았다. 1차 베이비부머와 2차 베이비부머의 건강보험에 가입한 경우 각각 93.7%, 97.6%, 음주하는 비율이 각각 58.6%, 71.0%로 나타나 2차 베이비부머의 관찰값이 기대값보다 높았다. 1차 베이비부머에 비해 2차 베이비부머의 건강보험가입율과 음주율이 더 높은 것을 알 수 있다. 한편 심리적 건강상태에서 1차 베이비부머의 평균 3.61점에 비해 2차 베이비부머는 평균 4.07점으로 더 좋은 것을 알 수 있다.
다음으로, 1차 베이비부머와 2차 베이비부머의 경제생활 실태를 분석한 결과, 1차 베이비부머와 2차 베이비부머의 가계총소득은 각각 평균 478.74만원, 평균 412.10만원이었고, 저축을 보유한 경우 각각 44.8%, 36.2%로 나타나 총자산은 각각 15,405만원, 11,917만원, 실물자산을 보유한 경우 각각 48.9%, 38.2%, 부채를 보유한 경우 각각 64.0%, 68.9%, 순자산은 각각 17,030만원, 12,436만원으로 나타났으며 관찰값과 기대값을 비교한 결과 1차 베이비부머는 2차 베이비부머에 비해 비율이 높게 나타났다. 한편 1차 베이비부머와 2차 베이비부머 가계의 최소생활비는 각각 평균 228.79만원, 평균 335.32만원, 적정생활비는 각각 평균 245.46만원, 평균 360.48만원으로 나타났으며 1차 베이비부머 가계에 비해 2차 베이비부머 가계의 최소생활비와 적정생활비가 100만원정도 더 많게 나타났다.
그리고, 1차 베이비부머와 2차 베이비부머의 주거생활 실태를 분석한 결과, 먼저 1차 베이비부머와 2차 베이비부머의 자가주택점유율은 각각 61.5%, 50.6%를 보여 1차 베이비부머의 자가주택점유율이 더 높았다. 1차 베이비부머는 대부분 단독주택 및 기타주택에 거주하였고 2차 베이비부머는 아파트에 거주하는 경우 많았다. 또 1차 베이비부머에 비해 2차 베이비부머는 더 많은 주택관련부채를 보유하였으나 거주주택의 내열·내화·방열 및 방습과 방음·환기·채광 및 난방설비이 양호한 상태를 보였고 소음·진동·악취 및 대기오염이 없었고 자연재해로부터 안전한 것을 보였다. 이는 1차 베이비부머보다 2차 베이비부머의 주택의 구조·성능 및 환경이 더 좋은 것을 알 수 있다. 또 1차 베이비부머에 비해 2차 베이비부머의 주택면적이 더 넓은 것으로 나타났다.
1차 베이비부머와 2차 베이비부머의 가족생활을 보면, 1차 베이비부머 중 가족원간 근심이나 갈등이 있는 경우 55.6%였으며 대부분 취업 및 실업문제, 건강문제가 있다. 2차 베이비부머 중 근심이나 갈등이 있는 경우 44.1%였으며 주로 경제적 어려움, 자녀교육 등의 문제가 있음을 알 수 있다. 가족원간 의견충돌이 있을 때 가족원간에 문제해결의 침착수준에 대해서, 1차 베이비부머는 평균2.39점, 2차 베이비부머는 평균 2.27점으로 침착하게 문제를 논의하는 편을 보였다.
1차 베이비부머와 2차 베이비부머의 여가생활 실태를 분석한 결과, 1차 베이비부머 중 자원봉사활동을 하고 있는 경우 12.3%인데 반해, 2차 베이비부머는 15.3%로 높았으며 1차 베이비부머는 인터넷을 사용한 경우 53.9%, 2차 베이비부머는 사용한 경우 91.5%으로 나타나 2차 베이비부머의 관찰빈도는 기대빈도를 상회하는 것으로 나타났다. 한편 여가비지출액을 보면 1차 베이비부머는 10.96만원, 2차 베이비부머는 13.30만원으로 유의한 차이를 보였다.
연구문제2에서 1차 베이비부머와 2차 베이비부머의 생활영역별 생활만족도를 분석한 결과, 건강만족도, 경제만족도, 가족관계만족도, 여가만족도, 생활전반만족도에서 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 1차 베이비부머와 2차 베이비부머의 건강만족도는 각각 평균 3.33점, 평균 3.77점으로 보통수준보다 더 높은 건강만족도를 보였다. 또 1차 베이비부머의 경제만족도는 평균 2.65점으로 2차 베이비부머의 2.83점보다 낮았으며, 두 집단 모두 보통에 미치지 못하는 경제만족도 수준을 보였다. 가족관계만족도에서 보면 1차 베이비부머는 평균 3.85점인데 비해 2차 베이비부머는 평균 4.03점으로 나타나 대체로 만족한 수준을 나타냈다. 1차 베이비부머와 2차 베이비부머의 여가만족도는 각각 평균 2.99점, 평균 3.14점으로 보통수준을 보였다. 생활전반만족도의 차이를 비교해 보면, 1차 베이비부머는 평균 3.42점인데 비해 2차 베이비부머는 평균 3.62점으로 더 높았다. 1차 베이비부머와 2차 베이비부머는 모두 가족관계만족도 수준이 가장 높았고 경제만족도 수준이 가장 낮은 것을 볼 수 있다.
연구문제3에서 베이비붐 세대의 각 생활영역의 생활만족도에 영향을 미치는 요인을 파악하기 위해 2단계에 걸쳐 중다회귀분석을 실시한 결과, 1차 베이비부머의 건강만족도에 유의한 영향을 미치는 변수는 심리적 건강상태, 만성질환유무, 건강보험가입여부, 취업상태의 순으로 나타났다. 2단계에서 취업상태가 추가함으로써 R2 증가량은 0.004로 통계적으로 유의하였다. 2차 베이비부머의 건강만족도에 유의한 영향을 미치는 변수는 심리적 건강상태, 만성질환유무, 건강보험가입여부, 학력의 순으로 나타났다. 2단계에서 학력이 추가된 결과, R2 증가량은 0.012로 통계적으로 유의하였다.
1차 베이비부머의 경제만족도에 유의한 영향을 미치는 변수는 가계총생활비, 가구원수, 부채유무, 금융자산, 실물자산유무의 순으로 나타났으며 2단계에서 가구원수가 추가적으로 투입된 결과, R2 증가량은 0.011로 통계적으로 유의하였다. 2차 베이비부머의 경제만족도에 유의한 영향을 미치는 변수는 가계총생활비, 금융자산, 학력, 저축유무의 순으로 나타났으며 2단계에서 학력이 추가적으로 투입된 결과, R2 증가량은 0.012로 통계적으로 유의하였다.
1차 베이비부머의 주거만족도에 유의한 영향을 미치는 변수는 주거면적, 주택의 내열·내화·방열 및 방습 양호여부, 주택점유형태(자가), 주택유형(단독주택), 주택유형(기타주택), 자연재해로부터 안전, 가구원수의 순으로 나타났으며 가구원수가 추가적으로 투입된 결과, R2 증가량은 0.003로 통계적으로 유의하였다. 2차 베이비부머의 주거만족도에 유의한 영향을 미치는 변수는 주거면적, 주택유형(단독주택), 주택유형(기타주택), 주택의 내열·내화·방열 및 방습 양호여부, 소음·진동·악취 및 대기오염 유무, 주택점유형태, 가구원수, 거주지역의 순으로 나타났으며 2단계에서 가구원수가 추가적으로 투입된 결과, R2는 0.002만큼 증가하였고 통계적으로 유의하였다.
1차 베이비부머의 가족관계만족도에 영향을 미치는 요인은 가족원간 의견충돌시 문제해결의 침착수준, 가구원간 의견충돌 빈도, 배우자유무, 자녀유무, 취업상태, 학력의 순으로 나타났으며 배우자유무, 자녀유무, 취업상태, 학력이 추가적으로 투입된 결과, R2 증가량은 0.047로 통계적으로 유의하였다. 2차 베이비부머의 가족관계만족도에 유의한 영향을 미치는 변수는 가족원간 의견충돌시 문제해결의 침착수준, 가구원간 의견충돌 빈도, 학력, 자녀유무의 순으로 나타났다. 2단계에서 학력과 자녀유무가 추가된 결과 R2 증가량은 0.019로 통계적으로 유의하였다.
1차 베이비부머의 여가만족도에 영향을 미치는 요인은 여가비, 자원봉사활동여부, 인터넷사용여부, 배우자유무의 순으로 나타났으며 배우자유무가 추가적으로 투입된 결과, R2 증가량은 0.005로 통계적으로 유의하였다. 2차 베이비부머의 여가만족도에 유의한 영향을 미치는 변수는 여가비, 자원봉사활동여부, 학력, 인터넷사용여부, 배우자유무의 순으로 나타났으며 학력과 배우자유무가 추가적으로 투입된 결과, R2의 증가량은 0.002로 통계적으로 유의하였다.
베이비붐 세대의 생활전반만족도에 영향을 미치는 요인을 파악하기 위해 1차 베이비부머의 생활전반만족도에 유의한 영향을 미치는 변수들은 심리적 건강상태, 가계총생활비, 주택점유형태, 주거면적, 가족원간 의견충돌시 문제해결의 침착수준, 가구원간 의견충돌 빈도, 부채유무, 실물자산유무, 가구원수, 주택의 내열·내화·방열 및 방습 양호여부, 자원봉사활동여부, 주택유형(기타)의 순으로 나타났다. 2단계에서 가구원수가 추가적으로 투입된 결과, R2의 증가량은 0.003로 통계적으로 유의하였다. 2차 베이비부머의 생활전반만족도에 영향을 미치는 변수들은 가족원간 의견충돌시 문제해결의 침착수준, 금융자산, 심리적 건강상태, 배우자유무, 가계총생활비, 주택유형(단독주택), 가구원간 의견충돌 빈도, 건강보험가입여부의 순으로 나타났다. 2단계에서 배우자유무가 추가된 결과 R2의 증가량은 0.009로 통계적으로 유의하였다.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 제1장 서론 1
• 제2장 이론적 배경 5
• 제1절 베이비붐 세대의 개념 및 특성 5
• 1. 베이비붐 세대의 개념과 구분 5
• 2. 1차 베이비붐 세대와 2차 베이비붐 세대의 성장배경 7
• 3. 베이비붐 세대의 가치관 8
• 4. 베이비붐 세대의 생활실태 8
• 제2절 베이비붐 세대의 생활만족도 11
• 1. 생활만족도의 개념과 하위 생활영역 11
• 2. 베이비붐 세대의 생활만족도 실태 14
• 제3절 각 생활영역별 생활만족도에 영향을 미치는 요인 18
• 제3장 연구방법 27
• 제1절 연구문제 27
• 제2절 조사대상 및 측정도구 37
• 제3절 분석방법 32
• 제4절 베이비부머 및 베이비붐 세대의 일반적 특성 32
• 제4장 연구결과 및 해석 35
• 제1절 1차 베이비부머와 2차 베이비부머의 생활관련 요인 35
• 제2절 1차 베이비부머와 2차 베이비부머의 생활만족도 수준 45
• 제3절 1차 베이비부머와 2차 베이비부머의 생활만족도에 영향을 미치는 요인 47
• 제5장 결론 및 제언 66
• 참고문헌 75
• 부록 1 회귀분석에 사용된 변수들의 상관계수표(1차 베이비부머) 90
• 부록 2 회귀분석에 사용된 변수들의 상관계수표(2차 베이비부머) 91
• 부록 3 독립변수들의 다중공선성검증(종속변수: 건강만족도) 92
• 부록 4 독립변수들의 다중공선성검증(종속변수: 경제만족도) 92
• 부록 5 독립변수들의 다중공선성검증(종속변수: 주거만족도) 92
• 부록 6 독립변수들의 다중공선성검증(종속변수: 가족관계만족도) 93
• 부록 7 독립변수들의 다중공선성검증(종속변수: 여가만족도) 93
• 부록 8 독립변수들의 다중공선성검증(종속변수: 생활전반만족도) 94
• ABSTRACT 95