근대 영국에서의 가정성(Domesticity) 이념 = “The Ideology of Domesticity in Modern Britain”

국문 초록 (Abstract)

영국에서 근대 초부터 본격적으로 성장해온 가정성 이념은 성별에 의해 분리된 공-사 영역의 개념과 결부돼 진화하면서 가족이나 가정과 관련된 문제들-혼인, 배우자들 간의 관계, 자식의 지위, 재산권, 상속권, 부모의 권위 등-에 직접적으로 관련될 수밖에 없었다. 17세기 후반 리처드 올스트리에 의해 본격적 모습을 갖추게 된 가정성 개념은 18세기를 통해 일반화됐고 19세기 중엽에 와서는 절정에 이르렀다. 중요한 것은 가정성 이념의 요체인 분리된 영역의 경계가 늘 불안정하고 가변적이었으며, 사회관계 전반에 긴장과 알력을 증폭시켰다는 사실이다.
가정성 이념은 근대 초부터 19세기말까지 크게 보아 세 시기를 거치면서 진화했다. 첫 시기는 17세기말에서 18세기말에 이르는 기간으로 가정성과 분리된 영역의 이념적 헤게모니가 확립된 때였다. 두 번째는 18세기말에 시작돼 1830년경에 이르는 시기로 새로운 젠더 관계에 대한 주장과 논쟁이 잠시나마 진행된 때였지만, 복음주의 담론이 분리된 영역의 이데올로기를 한층 더 강화시킨 때이기도 했다. 특히, 이 시기 젠더관계의 불안은 자체의 모순에서 만큼이나 프랑스혁명에서 기인한 바가 컸었다. 마지막으로, 1830년경에서 1880년대까지에는 이전과는 상당히 다른 모습이 나타났다. 한편으로 이 시기는 가정성 이념의 확산에 가장 저항이 미약했고 분리된 영역의 개념이 가장 자연스럽고도 안정적인 것으로 비춰진 때였다. 그러나 다른 한편으로 이 시기는 가정성 이념과 구조에 대해 변화와 도전의 압력이 가장 고조된 때이기도 했다. 결혼한 여성의 재산권과 법적 지위를 위해 캐럴라인 노턴이, 그리고 악명 높은 접촉성전염병법의 폐지를 위해 조우저핀 버틀러가 대대적인 운동을 벌였을 때, 이들은 기존 가정성 이념의 전제와 수사를 전면적으로 거부하기보다는 그것을 사용하고 이용했다. 하지만, 이 과정 속에서 가정성 이념의 모순과 이중성이 어느 때보다도 더 분명하게 노출됐고, 국가간섭이 도덕개혁의 이름으로 사적 영역의 전통적 경계선을 크게 침범하게 됐다. 그 결과는 국가-시민사회의 공공영역-사적영역의 전면적 재편과 20세기의 ‘규제적이고 간섭적인’ 국가의 도래였다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The concept of domesticity based on the notion of separate spheres has been an influential force in the formation of British social relations since the early modern era. The idea of domesticity dictates ‘proper’ male and female spheres-men’s public sphere, the world of politics, commerce and the law on the one hand, and women’s private realm, that is, the terrain of child-rearing and housekeeping on the other. As such, the idea was, of necessity, not only intertwined with crucial issues regarding the family like matrimony, divorce, property right, inheritance, and child abuse, but also played a central role in forging the relations and boundaries between the state, public sphere of civil society, and private sphere.
The ideology of domesticity in modern Britain went through three distinct stages, and each had its own qualities and characteristics. In the first period from the late seventeenth to the late eighteenth centuries the idea of domesticity and separate spheres was firmly established and entrenched, even though such women as Lady Mary Wortley Montagu and Catherine Macaulay made valiant and vehement attacks on it. The second period extending from the late eighteenth century to about 1830 saw a series of public debates in search of a new and alternative gender relationship as was exemplified by Mary Wollstonecraft, but the enormous evangelical thrust centered on the energetic Clapham Sect greatly reinforced the idea of separate spheres. The instabilities of the gender relations in this period were spawned as much by the French Revolution as by the internal contradictions themselves.
The final phase ending with the 1880s witnessed a curious and interesting turnabout. On the one hand, the hegemony of the separate spheres domesticity was least challenged for much of the period. On the other hand however, this stage was the moment of greatest challenges to the system of domesticity, and the resultant instabilities and contradictions could no longer be contained. Women like Caroline Norton and Josephine Butler, using and employing the conventional assumptions and rhetorics of domesticity, launched serious and effective campaigns for the rights of married women and the repeal of the hated Contagious Diseases Acts. The result was not only the growing and decisive intrusion of state power into the system of domesticity, but also the significant redrawing of the boundaries between the state, public sphere of civil society, and private sphere.

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