The city shaped : urban patterns and meanings through history

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Acknowledgments = 7
• INTRODUCTION = 9
• THE CITY AS ARTIFACT = 9
• Preliminaries = 9
• Affiliates of Method = 14
• Periods and Categories = 26
• THE CITY IN HISTORY = 29
• Urban Cycles = 29
• Urban Origins = 31
• Early City Form = 34
• WHAT IS A CITY? = 37
• 1. "ORGANIC" PATTERNS = 43
• PLANNED CITIES AND UNPLANNED = 43
• COEXISTENCE AND TRANSCRIPTION = 46
• THE EVOLUTION OF "ORGANIC" PATTERNS = 52
• Cities as Organisms = 52
• The Role of Topography = 53
• Land Division = 57
• Synoecism = 59
• The Law and Social Order = 62
• THE STRAIGHT AND THE CURVED : DESIGN ALTERNATIVES = 69
• Origins of the Planned Picturesque = 70
• Garden City Paradigm = 75
• Conservation and the Lesson of History = 82
• MODERNISM AND THE PLANNED PICTURESQUE = 89
• 2. THE GRID = 95
• PREAMBLE = 95
• The Nature of Rectilinear Planning = 95
• The Grid and Politics = 99
• "Better Order" or Routine = 102
• HISTORICAL REVIEW = 103
• The Grid in the Ancient World = 103
• New Towns in the Middle Ages = 108
• The Renaissance in Europe = 111
• Passage to America = 113
• LAYING OUT THE GRID = 124
• On the Site = 125
• Surveyors and Theorists = 126
• The Town Planner as Artist = 128
• COORDINATED SYSTEMS OF TOWN AND COUNTRY = 133
• Rural Grids = 133
• Gridded Extensions = 135
• THE CLOSED GRID : FRAME, ACCENT, AND OPEN SPACES = 138
• The Walled Frame = 138
• Street Rhythms = 140
• The Distribution of Squares = 143
• Block Organization = 147
• THE GRID IN THE 20TH CENTURY = 153
• 3. THE CITY AS DIAGRAM = 159
• CIRCLES AND POLYGONS = 159
• Arcosanti and Palmanova = 159
• Utopias and Ideal Cities = 162
• SPECIALIZED ENVIRONMENTS = 165
• The Design of Regimentation = 165
• Holy Cities = 171
• THE POLITICAL DIAGRAM = 174
• Linear Systems = 174
• Centralized Systems = 179
• Sforzinda's Example = 186
• THE FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAM = 189
• The Logic of Defense = 189
• Traffic and Radial-Concentricity = 192
• THE SECULAR／SOCIALIST DIAGRAM = 196
• The Cosmos of Workers, Criminals and Students = 196
• Reforming Urban Society = 199
• The Planet and Outer Space = 206
• 4. THE GRAND MANNER = 209
• PRELIMINARIES = 209
• HISTORICAL REVIEW = 211
• Antiquity = 212
• European Baroque = 215
• The Grand Manner Outside Italy = 216
• PLANNING IN THE GRAND MANNER = 218
• Topography = 218
• The Grand Manner as Theater = 222
• The Grand Manner and Landscape Design = 226
• The Design of Heights = 228
• "BAROQUE" ELEMENTS = 230
• The Straight Street = 230
• The "Baroque" Diagonal = 232
• Trivium and Polyvium = 235
• Boulevards and Avenues = 249
• Uniformity and the Continuous Frontage = 255
• Variety in Unity = 261
• The Vista = 263
• Markers and Monuments = 266
• The Ceremonial Axis = 271
• POST-MODERN BAROQUE = 276
• 5. THE URBAN SKYLINE = 279
• INTRODUCTION = 279
• Public and Private Skylines = 279
• The Skyline Portrayed = 283
• SKYLINE FEATURES = 288
• Sacred Heights = 290
• Landmarks of the Secular City = 295
• DESIGNING THE SKYLINE = 309
• Some Principles = 310
• Color and Light = 318
• THE MODERN SKYLINE = 319
• Forging the Stadtkrone = 321
• Skyscraper City = 323
• Towers of Glass = 330
• "And They Left Off To Build the City" = 333
• Notes = 337
• Bibliography = 341
• Acknowledgments for Illustrations = 343
• Index = 344