황해북도 지역의 고인돌 고찰 = A Study on Dolmens in the Hwanghaebookdo Region

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The Hwanghaebookdo region, which contains lots of historical sites of dolmens such as Chimchonri, Odukri, etc., is one of the most significant places across the Korean peninsula in view of dolmen distribution. The features of the dolmens in Hwanghaebookdo, where more than 1,945 dolmens have been distributed, are as follows. 1) Yuntangun (which has about 940 dolmens) and Hwangjoogun (which has about 570 dolmens) account for 77% of the entire dolmens located in Hwanghaebookdo. On the basis of the river, about 968 dolmens in the Daedonggang, about 668 in the Jaeryunnggang and about 309 in the Yesunggang have been distributed. Especially in the area of Hwangjoochun of the Daedonggang, there has been a collection of about 944 dolmens. In the light of ri(the smallest administrative unit of the district), most of the dolmens have been distributed around only a few districts(Ri), which means Doomoori(Yuntangun) has about 359 dolmens, Odukri(Yuntangun) about 350, Yuntaneup about 166, Jisukri(Sinkyegun) about 300 and Chimchonri(Hwangjoogun) about 560. 2) Chimchonri(Hwangjoogun), which adjoins the Jaeryunnggang and the Hwangjoochun, is presumed to have had a closer connection with the Jaeryunnggang. That is because at that time when sea level changes occurred there was a great possibility that the water from the Jaeryunnggang might reach the front of Chimchonri. And also that is because there are Capstone type dolmens distributed exceptionally in the area of Chimchonri that even form a grave site, which are quite distinct from the Table type dolmens in the Hwangjoochun. 3) Hwanghaebookdo, which is characteristic of the Chimchon type(the Capstone type) and the Oduk type(the Table type), has the Capstone type dolmens and the Table type dolmens prevailing over the others. By the distribution rate of type, the Table type dolmens account for about 81% of the entire dolmens in the area. 4) The size of the dolmens in Hwanghaebookdo averages 329×241×50cm(86 dolmens). The 2 dolmens in Kwangsukdong(Poongdapri, Yuntangun) have the largest size(552cm). The 7 dolmens in the area of Chimchonri have the smallest size(240cm). The dolmens in Chimchonri are considered the smallest sized ones in North Korea. 5) The thickness of the capstone of the dolmens in Hwanghaebookdo averages 50cm, while that of the dolmens made of quartz in Tosungri(Bongsangun) reaches 135cm(5 dolmens). In the case of the dolmens in Sungmaeri(Yuntangun), they were made of granite mostly used for bigger dolmens but the size of the capstone is only 242cm. The quality of stone did not seem to correlate closely with the size and thickness of the dolmens. 6) Some of the dolmens in Oasanri Songsindong, Pyungchon and Sukjanggol, which are located in the area of Hwangjoochun, a tributary of the Daedonggang, are found to contain the graves that are partitioned into 3-4 rooms. These partitioned rooms tell us that there was a possibility of reburying the dead bodies. And lots of human bones have been found in these rooms and quite a few bones still have been left for ages, which means there was a possibility of cremating the dead. This type of dolmens is found merely in Hwangjoochun, Namgang and Biryugang, which are tributaries of the Daedonggang. 7) Hwanghaebookdo is characteristic of the distribution of dolmens with grave sites like those in Chimchonri. Particularly dolmens with grave sites are small enough that they were thought to be built long before far greater power appeared and regarded as family graves. The Capstone type(Chimchon type) is thought of as the early stage of dolmens in North Korea, based on its shape and size. 8) Almost all the dolmens with turtle shaped capstones are scattered only around the area of Hwangjoochun, such as dolmens in Doomoori Doomoodong, Yuntangun : Point 1(N2, N13), Point 2(N17) and Point 3(N58) 9) Hwanghaebookdo has been known to be the region that gave birth to some of the earliest dolmens, where much of top shaped earthenware classified into the earliest forms has been exhumed and both the Capstone type(Chimchon type) and the Oduk type(the Table type) alleged to be the earliest forms have been located. Accordingly, the dolmens in this area are thought to have already been built around 12th century B.C.

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