Environmental management handbook

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• PROLOGUE = 1
• 1 RATIONALE FOR BOOK AND GUIDE TO READERS = 5
• Purpose of the book = 5
• Focus of the book = 6
• Guide to readers = 7
• 2 MAN-MADE ECO-EVOLUTION = 13
• 2.1 Phases of eco-evolution = 13
• 2.1.1 Industrial development = 13
• 2.1.2 Environmental problems = 15
• 2.1.3 Environmental protection = 17
• 2.2 The global inequalities = 19
• 2.2.1 Characteristics of developed countries = 19
• 2.2.2 Characteristics of developing countries = 20
• 2.2.3 Trends towards globalization = 21
• 2.3 Tho political awakening = 23
• 2.3.1 From "Limits to Growth" to "Sustainable Development" = 23
• Limits to Growth = 23
• The Global 2000 Report = 26
• World Charter for Nature = 26
• The World Commission on Environment and Development = 27
• 2.3.2 Regional following-up activities to the Brundtland Report on Our Common Future = 30
• The Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) = 31
• The Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) = 32
• The Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) = 33
• The Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) = 34
• The Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) = 35
• 2.3.3 The environment ― on top of global political agendas = 36
• Saving the environment ― an utopian task? = 37
• 3 ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS = 39
• 3.1 The rural sector = 39
• 3.1.1 Agriculture and forestry in developed countries = 42
• Major trends in agriculture = 42
• Impact on the environment by agriculture = 44
• Major trends in forestry = 45
• Impact on the environment by forestry = 48
• 3.1.2 Agriculture and forestry in developing countries = 50
• Agriculture = 50
• Forestry = 51
• 3.1.3 Tropical forest destruction = 54
• 3.1.4 Savannas and grasslands = 57
• 3.2 The urban sector = 59
• 3.2.1 Urbanization and its related environmental pollution and health problems = 61
• Developed regions = 63
• Developing regions = 63
• 3.2.2 Sewage and urban stormwater = 64
• Sewage = 64
• Urban stormwater = 66
• 3.2.3 Land application of waste = 67
• 3.2.4 Waste handling = 71
• The necessity of waste recycling and minimization = 72
• Source separation in households = 73
• Recovery of energy and materials = 75
• 3.2.5 The decay of statues, monuments and buildings = 76
• 3.3 The energy sector = 77
• 3.3.1 Energy ― the basis for human development = 78
• 3.3.2 The different energy sources = 79
• Fossil fuels = 80
• Nuclear energy = 81
• Renewable energy sources = 83
• 3.3.3 The fuelwood problem = 85
• 3.3.4 Global energy consumption trends = 87
• Developed countries = 88
• Eastern European countries = 90
• Developing countries = 91
• 3.3.5 Environmental and health impacts of energy production = 92
• Radiation releases from nuclear power generation = 92
• Risk assessment associated with energy production = 94
• 3.4 The transportation sector = 97
• 3.4.1 Development and characteristics of different transportation modes in developed countries = 99
• Road transportation = 100
• Rail transportation = 101
• Marine and inland water transportation = 103
• Air transportation = 103
• 3.4.2 Transportation in developing countries = 104
• 3.4.3 Transportation and energy = 107
• General trends in developed countries = 107
• Changes between different transportation modes = 110
• Potential energy savings through changed travel behaviour = 111
• 3.4.4 Pollution from different transportation modes = 113
• Road transportation = 113
• Rail transportation = 115
• Marine and inland water transportation = 116
• Air transportation = 117
• The significance of the different transportation modes to the overall pollution load = 118
• 3.4.5 Impact on the environment = 122
• Air pollution = 124
• Water pollution = 125
• 3.5 The industrial sector = 125
• 3.5.1 Industrial output and structural changes = 127
• Environmental significance = 130
• 3.5.2 Industrial development and its related environmental problems = 131
• OECD countries = 131
• Eastern European countries = 132
• Developing countries = 133
• 3.5.3 Examples of environmental protection efforts = 134
• Energy and raw materials = 134
• Manufacturing processes = 135
• Product development = 137
• Recovery and minimization of waste = 138
• 3.5.4 Risk management during chemical use = 139
• Industrial and governmental approaches = 141
• 3.5.5 Hazardous waste management = 142
• Different types of hazardous waste = 144
• Different techniques to reduce hazardous waste quantity and its environmental impact = 144
• 4 ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS = 153
• 4.1 The atmospheric environment = 153
• 4.1.1 Air pollution problems in the troposphere = 153
• Photochemical smog = 153
• Acidification = 157
• 4.1.2 Global warming = 159
• Environmental impact = 161
• Effects of potential preventive measures = 163
• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change = 164
• Other viewpoints on the greenhouse effect = 168
• 4.1.3 Depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer = 170
• 4.2 The terrestrial environment = 177
• 4.2.1 Land degradation = 177
• Soil erosion = 177
• Desertification = 179
• Salinization = 181
• 4.2.2 Accumulation of nitrates in soils and groundwaters = 183
• 4.2.3 Changes in soil properties following acidification = 185
• 4.2.4 Landfilling of waste = 187
• Secure landfill = 187
• Sanitary landfill = 189
• Underground injection = 192
• 4.3 The aquatic environment = 192
• Global differences in water pollution = 193
• 4.3.1 Land use impacts on aquatic ecosystems = 195
• Time-delayed water response to land use = 195
• Water chemistry changes following modern forestry operations = 196
• From "production pollution" to "consumption pollution" = 197
• 4.3.2 Eutrophication of waters = 199
• Accelerating the natural aging process = 199
• Internal loading = 200
• Effects of eutrophication = 201
• The oceans ― not the finite recipient = 202
• Control of eutrophication = 203
• 4.3.3 Acidification of waters = 205
• 4.3.4 Man-made pollutants = 207
• Transfer and transportation of persistent organic pollutants = 208
• Environmental hazards = 209
• Oil pollution of the world's oceans = 211
• 4.3.5 Marine pollution in developing countries = 212
• 4.4 The biotic environment = 214
• 4.4.1 Air pollution impacts on forest growth, nutrition and vitality = 215
• 4.4.2 Metal contamination of the environment = 217
• 4.4.3 Species extinction ― the ultimate threat to ecological balance on Earth? = 219
• Species diversity = 220
• Genetic and ecosystem diversity = 222
• 4.4.4 Managing tropical forests to maintain their diversity = 223
• 4.4.5 Biotechnology = 225
• A rapidly expanding industrial use = 226
• Positive future implications = 227
• Environmental protection = 229
• Potential environmental risks with spread fo transgenic plants and animals = 230
• Debated fields of biotechnology application = 232
• Control of biotechnology = 233
• Ethical considerations = 234
• 4.5 The human environment = 235
• 4.5.1 Indoor climate = 236
• Increased reports on bad indoor climate = 236
• Causes to the problems = 239
• How to avoid an unhealthy indoor climate = 241
• 4.5.2 Work environment = 243
• History and scope of the problem = 243
• Different forms of occupational health hazards = 244
• Legislation on workers health and safety = 249
• Rationale for occupational health services = 250
• 4.5.3 External environment = 251
• Natural disasters = 252
• Hazardous substance mismanagement = 253
• Air pollution problems = 262
• Water pollution problems = 275
• Hazardous waste problems = 286
• 4.5.4 Noise and acoustics = 292
• Problem definition = 292
• Different noise sources = 293
• 4.5.5 Consequences of poverty and affluence = 297
• The population crisis = 300
• Water shortage and malnutrition ― major threats to developing countries = 304
• Food production = 308
• Health care = 312
• Health-related problems in rich countries = 314
• 5 REMEDIAL ACTIONS = 321
• 5.1 The rural approach = 321
• 5.1.1 Remedial measures in agriculture = 321
• Hindering wind-induced soil erosion = 322
• Land use practices for reducing water-induced soil erosion = 322
• Improved irrigation practices = 323
• Optimizing fertilizer applications = 324
• Proper use of pesticides = 324
• Management of animal manure = 325
• Restoration of the self-purification capacity of wetlands and watercourses = 325
• 5.1.2 Remedial measures in forestry = 326
• Reducing wildfires = 327
• Application of environmentally-sound forestry operations = 328
• Multicomponent fertilization to combat forest damages and declines = 328
• 5.1.3 Saving the tropical forests = 330
• 5.2 The urban approach = 331
• 5.2.1 Environmental mapping and planning = 332
• 5.2.2 Noise abatement = 335
• General approach = 335
• Selected approaches = 337
• 5.2.3 Sewage and urban stormwater = 339
• Wastewater treatment techniques = 339
• Disposal of municipal sludge = 342
• Urban stormwater practices = 343
• 5.2.4 Integrated waste handling = 345
• A harmonized system for handling of hazardous waste = 346
• Future prospects for reducing the volume of waste = 348
• 5.2.5 The ecological village = 350
• 5.3 The energy approach = 351
• 5.3.1 A sustainable energy future = 352
• 5.3.2 The need of technical development = 354
• 5.3.3 Future energy sources = 356
• A world-wide survey = 356
• Fossil fuels = 360
• Nuclear energy = 362
• New energy sources = 364
• 5.3.4 Energy planning approaches in developing countries = 367
• 5.4 The transportation approach = 369
• 5.4.1 Reduction of motor vehicle exhaust through technical development = 370
• The use of catalytic converters = 371
• Engine concepts of tomorrow = 372
• Fuel technology for the future = 377
• Electric and hybrid vehicles = 384
• 5.4.2 Social and infrastructural changes to combat noise and air pollution = 388
• Alternatives to the car ― are they necessary or superfluous? = 388
• Fiscal measurements = 390
• Increased use of tele-and data-communication = 394
• 5.4.3 The Los Angeles initiative ― a challenge to the transportation sector to improve the environment = 395
• 5.4.4 Elements fo a local and regional approach = 399
• Traffic management solutions = 400
• Public transportation = 403
• Activities at airports = 405
• Combined transportation = 407
• 5.4.5 Elements of a national and international approach = 408
• Emission norms = 409
• The carbon dioxide issue = 410
• General actions to combat noise and air pollution = 411
• 5.5 The industrial appoach = 413
• 5.5.1 Environmental auditing = 414
• Basic steps in an environmental audit = 415
• An internal management tool = 417
• Present and recommended use of environmental audits = 417
• 5.5.2 Safe chemical handling = 422
• Responsible Care = 422
• 5.5.3 Systems for quality assurance in industrial performance = 425
• Systems for environmental quality assurance = 427
• 5.5.4 Looking at products in their totality ― a new approach to environmental protection in industry = 428
• A priority model for environmental protection = 430
• New forms of cooperation for eco-design of products = 433
• 5.5.5 Environmentally-sound product development based on life-cycle assessments (LCA) ― "from cradle to grave" = 434
• Structure of life-cycle assessments = 435
• Existing eco-profiling models ― a literature review = 439
• International experience of life-cycle assessments = 441
• Motivations for developing life-cycle assessments = 445
• The EPS system ― a new tool for eco-design of products = 447
• Different applications of life-cycle assessments = 453
• 5.5.6 Future actions to reduce hazardous waste = 454
• Practical remarks = 455
• General remarks = 458
• 6 FUTURE STRATEGIES = 461
• 6.1 The scientific response = 461
• 6.1.1 Environmental quality guidelines = 461
• Basic principles = 461
• Air quality guidelines = 464
• Soil quality guidelines = 466
• Water quality guidelines = 468
• Work environment guidelines = 470
• 6.1.2 Air pollution perspectives = 473
• Geographical delineation = 473
• Source identification and quantification = 474
• Characterization of air pollutants = 476
• Critical ecological loads = 479
• 6.1.3 Soil pollution perspectives = 481
• Geographical delineation = 482
• Source identification and quantification = 483
• Characterization of air pollutants = 484
• Critical ecological loads = 486
• 6.1.4 Water pollution perspectives = 488
• Geographical delineation = 488
• Source identification and quantification = 489
• Charaterization of air pollutants = 491
• Critical ecological loads = 498
• 6.2 The public response = 500
• 6.2.1 Public participation = 501
• 6.2.2 Public strategies = 504
• Green consumerism = 504
• Separation of household wastes = 504
• 6.3 The trade union response = 505
• 6.3.1 Environmental goals for trade unions = 506
• Union Environmental Work for a Better Living Environment = 506
• Trade Unions and the Environment = 507
• 6.3.2 The combined care for work and external environment = 508
• 6.3.3 Occupational health services = 509
• Organization of occupational health services = 511
• Topics of future concern = 511
• 6.3.4 The global solidarity = 512
• 6.4 The non-governmental organization (NGO) response = 513
• 6.4.1 NGO's ― influencial environmental partners = 513
• 6.4.2 World-wide NGO's = 514
• World Conservation Union (IUCN) = 514
• World Wide Fund for Nature(WWF) = 516
• Greenpeace = 517
• 6.4.3 The World Conservation Strategy ― a basis for common NGO efforts = 518
• Caring for the Earth : a strategy for sustainable development = 519
• 6.4.4 The Agenda for Action = 520
• 6.4.5 Integrating environment and development ― the unfinished agenda = 521
• 6.4.6 Strategies at the national level = 523
• 6.5 The business response = 523
• 6.5.1 Business leadership for environmental protection = 526
• UNCTC's Criteria for Sustainable Development Management = 527
• ICC's Environmental Guidelines for World Industry = 528
• ICC's Business Charter for Sustainable Development = 528
• BIAC's Statement on the Environment = 529
• UNICE's Principles on Environmental Policy = 530
• The Valdez Principles = 530
• GEMI ― The Global Environmental Management Initiative = 531
• 6.5.2 Anticipation of regulations = 532
• 6.5.3 Environmentalist business management = 533
• 6.5.4 Corporate environmental management = 536
• 6.5.5 The role of trade and retail companies = 537
• International responsibility = 538
• Influences of trade companies = 538
• Wholesaler and retailer potentials = 539
• 6.5.6 Environmental arguments in marketing = 540
• 6.5.7 Communication of environmental information to the public = 542
• General principles = 543
• Practical suggestions for communication = 543
• 6.6 The authority and governmental response = 544
• 6.6.1 Research and education = 545
• Scientific input = 546
• Technological input = 546
• Public education = 547
• 6.6.2 Monitoring and information = 548
• Continuously updated and harmonized monitoring schemes = 548
• The need for information to fill the communication gap = 550
• The state of the environment must be known and made understandable = 551
• 6.6.3 Planning concerns ― environmental impact assessments = 551
• 6.6.4 Regulatory instruments = 555
• Environmental legislation ― an international overview = 557
• Control of chemicals = 561
• 6.6.5 Economic instruments = 566
• Different economic instruments = 567
• Experiences of economic instruments = 571
• A new economic model in which prices indicate the ecological truth = 576
• Environmental accounting = 578
• 6.6.6 Eco-labelling of products = 580
• Green consumers = 581
• Guiding consumer choices = 582
• Scope and procedure of eco-labelling programmes = 583
• Existing eco-labelling systems = 584
• General scheme for eco-labelling = 585
• Environmental product declarations = 586
• 6.7 The international response = 589
• 6.7.1 Multilateral environmental cooperation = 591
• Air pollution conventions = 591
• Waste conventions = 595
• Marine pollution conventions = 596
• Wildlife conservation conventions = 596
• Cooperation within the field of chemical risk control = 597
• Control of hazardous substances = 597
• 6.7.2 Harmonization of environmental legislation and policies = 599
• Reducing transboundary movements of hazardous waste = 599
• 6.7.3 The North-South perspective = 601
• Actions in developing countries = 601
• 6.7.4 The East-West perspective = 603
• 6.7.5 Technology transfer and cooperation = 606
• Characteristics of technology transfer = 607
• Technology cooperation = 608
• Mechanisms of technology transfer and cooperation = 608
• Experiences of technology transfer = 610
• Prefequisites for technology transfer = 614
• Promotion of technology transfer and cooperation = 616
• Programmes and data-bases on environmentally-sound technology = 617
• 6.7.6 Debt-for-nature swaps = 619
• 6.8 The media response = 622
• 6.8.1 The role of media = 622
• 6.8.2 Journalistic preparation and digestion of information = 624
• 6.8.3 Constraints on environmental reporting = 626
• 7 MANAGING PLANET EARTH-A MATTER OF JULTI-DISCIPLINARY ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGIES = 631
• 7.1 The human dimension = 631
• 7.1.1 The individual level : a new environmental behaviour = 633
• 7.1.2 The community level : integrating environmental considerations into all sectors of society = 634
• 7.1.3 The global level : sharing the responsibility of safeguarding the environment = 635
• 7.2 The planning dimension = 636
• 7.2.1 A new generation of planners = 637
• 7.2.2 Synchronizing scientists, engineers, economists and planners = 639
• 7.2.3 Reduction of information to an easily-accessible and understandable system = 642
• 7.2.4 Predicting sectoral environmental ambitions ― a valuable planning asset = 643
• Community visions = 645
• Commercial visions = 647
• 7.3 The decision-making dimension = 650
• 7.3.1 Lessons from the past = 650
• Raising basic knowledge on environmental protection = 652
• 7.3.2 The major global environmental issues = 654
• Criteria for giving priorities to environmental problems = 656
• 7.3.3 Focusing on cost-effective and environmental-effective measures = 657
• 7.4 The management dimension = 659
• 7.4.1 Some aspects of sustainable development = 659
• Moral responsibilities of developed countries? = 662
• 7.4.2 Management at the municipal level = 663
• Operational systems before implementation = 664
• 7.4.3 Management at the business level = 664
• Product stewardship = 665
• Strengthening internal environmental work = 668
• Industrial environmental strategists = 669
• 7.4.4 Management at the national level = 672
• Community environmental auditing = 672
• 7.4.5 Management at the international level
• A global master plan on environment and development = 674
• 8 AN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT INITIATIVE = 677
• 8.1 The planning and decision-making process = 677
• 8.1.1 Points of departure = 677
• All decisions emanate from individual convictions = 677
• Getting to know the decision-making team and the rules of the game = 678
• Assessment of the scientific background material = 678
• 8.1.2 General procedure = 679
• 8.1.3 A common planning and decision-making approach = 682
• Assuring the necessary feedback = 684
• 8.2 A new logical, optimistic and ethical sense = 684
• 8.2.1 Envisioning the possibilities ― not the difficulties = 685
• 8.2.2 Everybody must be part of the solution = 685
• 8.2.3 Crossing the word barrier = 686
• 9 TEN ENVIRONMENTAL COMMANDMENTS = 689
• 10 CONCLUSIONS AND SUMMARY STATEMENTS = 693
• Environmental concerns just unite us all in a bond of better social behaviour = 695
• Possession of sufficient environmental knowledge must be applied with skill to the process of decision-making and enforcement = 697
• Complex environmental issues call for new scientific and technological inputs and additional education = 698
• Meeting increased energy demand will depend on finding a sustainable path towards ecological stabililty = 699
• Managing both the economy and the environment yields mutual genefits = 701
• Nature conservacy and maintenance of biodiversity form the cornerstones for integrating environment and development = 703
• Managing planet Earth is a matter of multidisciplinary international efforts = 704
• Stengthening joint environmental work between developed and developing countries should be based on holistic perspectives and humility = 705
• The need to set priorities in developing effective environmental strategies is crucial given the present economic situation in many countries = 708
• The time for action in now = 710
• EPILOGUE = 713
• A new era of consciousness = 713
• 10 billion atoms ― 10 billion cells ― 10 billion human beings? = 714
• Our common future = 715
• ANNEX 1 ― List of reviewers = 717
• ANNEX 2 ― Literature sources and background materials = 719
• ANNEX 3 ― Abbreviations and units = 731
• ANNEX 4 ― Index = 735