Carica papaya: comprehensive overview of the nutritional values, phytochemicals and pharmacological activities

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Carica papaya is a perennial large herbaceous plant known for diverse biological activities. Different parts of this plant such as seeds, leaves, fruits, peels, roots, and stems have been previously reported to possess nutritional and medicinal values.
This plant possesses a nutritional value that is rich in vitamins and natural minerals but low in calories. Moreover, every part of this plant had been used in treating different type of diseases which include wound dressing, antibacterial, anthelminthic effects, traditionally used to control birth, and several other activities. These were born out of the in vitro and in vivo studies conducted on the extracts from parts of C. papaya. Furthermore, the occurrences of different kinds of phytochemicals in the extracts might have been responsible for its diverse pharmacological properties. Thus, this article comprehensively outlines and discusses nutritional values, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of C. papaya

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Marelli de Souza L, "l-ascorbic acid, b-carotene and lycopene content in papaya fruits(Carica papaya)with or without physiological skin freckles L-ascorbic acid, β-carotene and lycopene content in papaya fruits(Carica papaya)" 65 : 246-250, 2008

2 Ancheta M, "Wound healing property of Carica papaya stem in albino rats" 6 : 68-74, 2016

3 Gurung S, "Wound healing properties of Carica papaya latex : in vivo evaluation in mice burn model" 121 : 338-341, 2009

4 Nayak S, "Wound healing activity of Carica papaya L. In experimentally induced diabetic rats" 45 : 739-743, 2007

5 Sheneni VD, "Vitex doniana, Carica papaya and Peristrophe bicalyculata using DPPH free radical scavenging activity" 8 : 371-375, 2018

6 Lin J, "Vitamins C and E and beta carotene supplementation and cancer risk : a randomized controlled trial" 101 : 14-23, 2009

7 Kazushi O, "Ultaneous treatment with benzyl isothiocyanate, a strong bladder promoter, inhibits rat urinary bladder carcinogenesis by N-Butyl-N-(4-Hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine" 44 : 211-216, 2009

8 USDA, "USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference"

9 Saran PL, "Traditional medicaments through papaya in North eastern plains zone of India" 14 : 537-543, 2015

10 Aravind G, "Traditional and medicinal uses of Carica papaya" 1 : 7-15, 2013

11 "Top papaya producing countries in the world"

12 Kumar S, "Therapeutic plants of Ayurveda : a review on anticancer" 3 : 1-11, 2011

13 Agarwal A, "Therapeutic benefits of Carica papaya leaf extracts in dengue fever patients" 4 : 299-302, 2016

14 Starley IF, "The treatment of paediatric burns using topical papaya" 25 : 636-639, 1999

15 Neethu S, "The surprising health benefits of papaya seeds : a review" 6 : 424-429, 2017

16 Liu KC, "The roles of AIF and Endo G in the apoptotic effects of benzyl isothiocyanate on DU 145 human prostate cancer cells via the mitochondrial signaling pathway" 38 : 787-960, 2010

17 Bergonio KB, "The potential of male papaya(Carica papaya L. )flower as a functional ingredient for herbal tea production" 15 : 41-49, 2016

18 Azarkan M, "The papaya Kunitz-type trypsin inhibitor is a highly stable β-sheet glycoprotein" 1764 : 1063-1072, 2006

19 Adesuyi A, "The nutritional and functional properties of the seed flour of three varieties of Carica papaya" 3 : 70-75, 2011

20 Dawson BE, "The medicinal properties of the Carica papaya L" 1998 : 1-4, 1998

21 Pathy KS, "The influenza virus subtypes H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2, Hdfx : a novel immunomodulatorand potential fighter against cytokine storms in viral flu infections-Carica papaya Linn" 1 (1): 1-11, 2017

22 Gropper SS, "The freshman 15-A closer look" 58 : 223-231, 2009

23 Quijano JL, "The efficacy and safety of topical papaya (Carica papaya) leaf extract 1% ointment versus mupirocin 2% ointment in the treatment of limited impetigo: a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial. ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT01943136"

24 Rahmat A, "The effects of consumption of guava(Psidium guajava)or papaya(Carica papaya)on total antioxidant and lipid profile in normal male youth" 6 : 1-13, 2006

25 Pavan V, "The effect of in vitro digestion on the antioxidant activity of fruit extracts(Carica papaya, Artocarpus heterophillus and Annona marcgravii)" 59 : 1247-1251, 2014

26 Samuagam L, "The effect of extraction conditions on total phenolic content and free radical scavenging capacity of selected tropical fruits’ peel" 4 : 80-102, 2013

27 Singhai A, "The effect of Carica papaya leaves extract capsules on platelets count and hematocrit levels in acute febrile illness with thrombocytopenia patient" 5 : 254-257, 2016

28 Shuid AN, "The effect of Carica papaya Linn. latex on the healing of burn Wounds in Rats" 3 : 39-47, 2005

29 Yunita F, "The effect of Carica papaya L. leaves extract capsules on platelets count and hematocrit level in dengue fever patient" 2 : 573-578, 2012

30 Falanga V, "The chronic wound : impaired healing and solutions in the context of wound bed preparation" 32 : 88-94, 2004

31 Arshiya S, "The antioxidant effect of certain fruits : a review" 5 : 265-268, 2013

32 Danborno AM, "The anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of the aqueous leaves extract of Carica papaya" 13 : 60-63, 2018

33 Poharkar R, "Survey of plants having antifertility activity from western ghat area of Maharashtra state" 4 : 71-75, 2010

34 Minari JB, "Studies on the effect of methanolic extract of Carica papaya stalk on hepatotoxicity induced in albino rat" 7 : 3314-3318, 2013

35 Oseni P, "Studies on the chemical composition, functional and antioxidant properties of Carica papaya 179" 2017

36 Udoh P, "Studies on antifertility effect of pawpaw seeds(Carica papaya)on the gonads of male albino rats" 13 : 226-228, 1999

37 Lohiya NK, "Sperm motility inhibitory effect of the benzene chromatographic fraction of the chloroform extract of the seeds of Carica papaya in langur monkey, Presbytis entellus" 10 (10): 298-306, 2008

38 Bratsch A, "Specialty crop profile : Pawpaw"

39 MarfoO E, "Some studies on the proteins of Carica papaya seeds" 22 : 267-277, 1986

40 Steinberg M, "Sickle cell disease" 35-47, 2004

41 Kristal AR, "Serum lycopene concentration and prostate cancer risk : results from the prostate cancer prevention trial" 20 : 638-646, 2012

42 Kiran BVVSS, "Screening of antibacterial and anthelmintic potentials of Tamarindus indica and Carica papaya" 2 : 8-13, 2013

43 Hettige S, "Salutary effects of Carica papaya leaf extract in dengue fever patients : a pilot study" 29 : 17-19, 2008

44 Pangtey GS, "Role of Carica papaya leaf extract for dengue associated thrombocytopenia" 64 : 11-13, 2016

45 Krishna KL, "Review on nutritional, medicinal and pharmacological properties of Papaya(Carica papaya Linn. )" 7 : 364-373, 2008

46 Joshi H, "Reversible antifertility effects of benzene extract of papaya seed on female rats" 10 : 327-328, 1996

47 Kasture PN, "Randomized, prospective study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Carica papaya leaf extract, as empirical therapy for thrombocytopenia associated with dengue fever" 64 : 15-20, 2016

48 Sherwani SK, "Qualitative phytochemical screening and antifungal activity of Carica papaya leaf extract against human and plant pathogenic fungi" 4 : 83-86, 2013

49 Kuroiwa Y, "Protective effects of benzyl isothiocyanate and sulforaphane but not resveratrol against initiation of pancreatic carcinogenesis in hamsters" 241 : 275-280, 2006

50 Adenowo AF, "Protective effect of ethanol leaf extract of Carica papaya Linn(Caricaceae)in alloxan-induced diabetic rats" 13 : 1877-1882, 2015

51 Seufi AM, "Preventive effect of the flavonoid, quercetin, on hepatic cancer in rats via oxidant/antioxidant activity : molecular and histological evidences" a8 : 1-8, 2009

52 Warin R, "Prevention of mammary carcinogenesis in MMTV-neu Mice by cruciferous vegetable constituent benzyl isothiocyanate" 69 : 9473-9481, 2009

53 Adeneye AA, "Preliminary hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of the aqueous seed extract of Carica papaya Linn. In wistar rats" 1 : 1-10, 2009

54 Nielsen F, "Plasma malondialdehyde as biomarker for oxidative stress : reference interval and effects of life-style factors" 43 : 1209-1214, 1997

55 Hainida E, "Phytochemicals of papaya and its traditional health and culinary uses : a review" 41 : 201-211, 2015

56 Juárez-Rojopa IE, "Phytochemical screening and hypoglycemic activity of Carica papaya leaf in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats" 24 : 341-347, 2014

57 Ashemi F, "Phytochemical screening and antiulcer activity of methanolic fruit extract of unripe Carica papaya L. in rats" 2 : 14-18, 2017

58 Begum M, "Phytochemical and pharmacological investigation of Carica papaya leaf" 1-76, 2014

59 By S, "Phytochemical and pharmacological investigation of Carica papaya leaf"

60 Duke J, "Phytochemical and ethnobotanical databases"

61 Kashari O, "Phytochemical and antibacterial activity of Carica papaya root extract on some selected pathogens" 10 : 27-37, 2017

62 Van Droogenbroeck B, "Phylogenetic analysis of the highland papayas(Vasconcellea)and allied genera(Caricaceae)using PCR-RFLP" 108 : 1473-1486, 2004

63 Rivera-Pastrana D, "Phenolic and carotenoid profiles of papaya fruit(Carica papaya L. )and their contents under low temperature storage" 90 : 2358-2365, 2010

64 Palbag S, "Pharmacological updates of Carica papaya L. in the management of dengue" 7 : 215-220, 2016

65 Nariya A, "Pharmacognostic study of Carica papaya leaf extract as inhibitors of reactive oxygen species" 8 : 13-17, 2017

66 Roy SD, "Pharmacognostic evaluation and anthelmintic activity of leaf and stem extract of Carica papaya" 5 : 4763-4766, 2012

67 Farrag FH, "Pawpaw(Carica papaya)seeds powder in Nile Tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus)diet 1-growth performance, survival, feed utilization, carcass composition of fry and fingerlings tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus)diet utilization, carcass composition" 4 : 363-379, 2014

68 Akinola DO, "Pattern and validity of clinical diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal diseases in South-west Nigeria" 6 : 98-103, 2006

69 Bunn H, "Pathogenesis and treatment of sickle cell disease" 337 : 762-769, 1997

70 Asmah RMA, "Papaya-name, taxonomy, botany" 04 : 1-7, 2014

71 Adebiyi A, "Papaya(Carica papaya)consumption is unsafe in pregnancy : fact or fable? Scientific evaluation of a common belief in some parts of Asia using a rat model" 88 : 199-203, 2002

72 Silva JD, "Papaya(Carica papaya L. )biology and biotechnology" 1 (1): 48-63, 2007

73 Wiryawan RA, "Papaya seed extract lowers sperm concentrations and motility" 51 : 252-256, 2018

74 Nishina M, "Papaya production in Hawaii" 3 : 1-8, 2000

75 Sharma M, "Papaya leaves in dengue fever : is there scientific evidence? Reversible corneal clouding in neonatal hyperglycemia" 51 : 324-325, 2014

76 Crane JH, "Papaya growing in the florida home landscape"

77 El-nekeety AA, "Papaya fruits extracts enhance the antioxidant capacity and modulate the genotoxicity and oxidative stress in the kidney of rats fed ochratoxin A-contaminated diet" 7 : 111-121, 2017

78 Alotaibi KS, "Papaya black seeds have beneficial anticancer effects on PC-3 prostate cancer cells" 3 : 161-168, 2017

79 Gonçalves J, "Papaya : nutritional and pharmacological characterization, and quality loss due to physiological disorders. An overview" 44 : 1306-1313, 2011

80 Lal Sara P, "Papaya : biology, cultivation, production and uses" CRC Press 2015

81 "Papaya"

82 Gunde MC, "Nutritional, medicinal and pharmacological properties of papaya(Carica papaya Linn. ) : a review" 3 : 162-169, 2016

83 Saeed F, "Nutritional and phyto-therapeutic potential of papaya(Carica papaya Linn. ) : an overview" 17 : 1637-1653, 2014

84 Bari L, "Nutritional analysis of two local varieties of papaya(Carica papaya L. )at different maturation stages" 9 : 137-140, 2006

85 Gebhardt S, "Nutrient data laboratory"

86 Wall M, "Nutraceutical and antioxidant properties of the seeds, leaves and fruits of Carica papaya : potential relevance to humans diet, the food industry and the pharmaceutical industry" 19 : 434-445, 2006

87 Tang C, "New macro cyclic delta 1 piperideine alkaloids from papaya leaves dehydro carpaine i and dehydro carpaine ii" 18 (18): 651-652, 1979

88 Aruoma O, "Mutation research/fundamental and molecular mechanisms of mutagenesis diabetes as a risk factor to cancer : functional role of fermented papaya preparation as phytonutraceutical adjunct in the treatment of diabetes and cancer" 768 : 60-68, 2014

89 Majid M, "Multifaceted preventive effects of single agent quercetin on a human prostate adenocarcinoma cell line(PC-3) : implications for nutritional transcriptomics and multi-target therapy" 28 : 1395-1404, 2011

90 Sajin AK, "Molecular docking studies on phytocompounds from the methanol leaf extract of Carica papaya against envelope protein of dengue virus(type-2)" 5 : 1-7, 2015

91 Adebiyi A, "Modulation of jejunal contractions by extract of Carica papaya L. seeds" 19 : 628-632, 2005

92 Shannon M. Lynch, "Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number and Pancreatic Cancer in the Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study" American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) 4 (4): 1912-1919, 2011

93 Ranjekar P, "Microsatellite(GATA)reveals sex-specific differences in Papaya" 99 : 1047-1052, 1999

94 Anitha B, "Medicinal uses of Carica papaya journal of natural & ayurvedic medicine" 2 : 1-11, 2018

95 Ahmad FB, "Medicinal plants used by Kadazandusun" 1 : 1-10, 2003

96 Rashed K, "Medicinal plants as source of anticancer drug discovery" 5 : 1-23, 2017

97 Jaiswal P, "Medicative properties of Carica papaya : an overview" 13 : 11-15, 2018

98 Matthiesson KL, "Male hormonal contraception:concept proven, product in sight?" 12 : 463-482, 2006

99 Ong HCU, "Malay herbal medicine in Gemencheh, Negri Sembilan, Malaysia" 70 : 10-14, 1999

100 Patel PK, "Madhuca indica : a review of its medicinal property" 3 : 942-950, 2018

101 Omonkhua A, "Long term anti-diabetic, anti-hyperlipidaemic and anti-atherogenic effects of Carica papaya leaves in streptozotocin diabetic rats" 3 : 508-519, 2013

102 Kala CP, "Leaf juice of Carica papaya L. : a remedy of dengue fever" 1 : 1-2, 2012

103 Gomes MTR, "Isolation of two plant proteinases in latex from Carica candamarcensis acting as mitogens for mammalian cells" 71 : 244-248, 2005

104 Lydia E, "Investigation on the phytochemicals present in the fruit peel of Carica papaya and evaluation of its antioxidant and antimicrobial property" 8 : 1-5, 2016

105 Nguyen TT, "Investigation of bioactive compounds with anticancer potential in Carica papaya leaves" The University Of Queensland 2016

106 Jayakumar R, "Inhibitory effects of fruit extracts on nitric oxide-induced proliferation in MCF-7 cells" 126 : 956-960, 2011

107 Chinnappan S, "Inhibition of platelet aggregation by the leaf extract of Carica papaya during dengue infection" 29 : 1-5, 2016

108 Verma AK, "Inhibition of 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-and N-nitrosomethylureainduced rat mammary cancer by dietary flavonol quercetin" 48 (48): 5754-5758, 1988

109 Joseph B, "In vitro study on cytotoxic effect and anti-DENV2 activity of Carica papaya L. leaf" 8 : 18-22, 2015

110 Zahra N, "In vitro phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of Carica papaya plant parts collected from Lahore, Pakistan" 7 : 23-28, 2017

111 Ranasinghe P, "In vitro erythrocyte membrane stabilization properties of Carica papaya L. leaf extracts" 4 : 196-201, 2012

112 Sangeetha M, "In vitro antioxidant activity of the aqueous extract of Andrographis paniculata and Carica papaya leaves" 6 : 1631-1643, 2017

113 Sugie S, "Ihibitory effect of benzyl isothiocyanate and benzyl thiocyanate on diethylnitrosamineinduced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats" 84 : 865-870, 1993

114 Sancho LEG, "Identification and quantification of phenols, carotenoids, and vitamin C from papaya(Carica papaya L. )fruit determined by HPLC-DAD-MS/MS-ESI" 44 : 1284-1291, 2011

115 Nugroho A, "Identification and quantification of flavonoids in Carica papaya leaf and peroxynitrite:scavenging activity" 2016

116 Juárez-Rojopa IE, "Hypoglycemic effect of Carica papaya leaves in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats" 12 (12): 236-, 2012

117 Paul CW, "Hydro-methanol extract of ripe Carica papaya seed is not friendly with histology of albino wistar rats’liver" 7 : 17-21, 2015

118 Zenebo V, "Histomorphology of seminal vesicle and testicular tissue of wistar rats following administration of Carica papaya extract" 49 : 45-49, 2017

119 Mohammed A, "Hepatoprotective effect of aqueous leaf extract of Carica papaya Linn. against CCL 4-induced hepatic damage in rats" 11 : 2-6, 2011

120 Kamel M, "Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of ficus carica against hepatotoxicity induced by ccl4in rats" 1 : 483-487, 2017

121 Kumar Y, "Hepatoprotective activity of Carica papaya and Ficus bengalensis latex against paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in rats" 132-136, 2018

122 Asadullah AA, "Hematopoietic potential of Carica papaya leaves in healthy" 22 : 51-56, 2017

123 Isaiah NI, "Heamatologic indices and anti-spermatogenic effects of dietary supplemented Carica papaya seeds on wister rats" 1 : 18-23, 2016

124 Kurowska EM, "HDL-cholesterol-raising effect of orange juice in subjects with" 72 : 1095-1099, 2000

125 Altura BM, "HDFx : a recently discovered biologic and its potential use in prevention and treatment of hemorrhagic fever viruses and antibiotic-resistant superbugs" 4 : 1-8, 2016

126 Altura B, "HDFx : a novel immunomodulator and potential fighter against cytokine storms in inflammatory and septic conditions in dogs and farm animals" 5 : 1-3, 2017

127 Siddiqui RA, "Green papaya as a potential source for diabetic and diabetic-wound healing therapy" 4 : 504-506, 2016

128 Michael M, "Glycemic and wound healing effects of aqueous mesocarp extract of unripe Carica papaya(Linn. )in diabetic and healthy rats" 3 : 47-52, 2015

129 Araújo FS, "Genome size, base composition and karyotype of Carica papaya L" 53 : 25-31, 2010

130 Magbanua MJM, "Gene expression and biological pathways in tissue of men with prostate cancer in a randomized clinical trial of lycopene and fish oil" 6 : 1-8, 2014

131 Abisola OT, "Gastro-protective activity of aqueous Carica papaya seed extract on ethanol induced gastric ulcer in male rats" 11 : 8612-8615, 2012

132 Kaur M, "Gallic acid, an active constituent of grape seed extract, exhibits antiproliferative, pro-apoptotic and anti-tumorigenic effects against prostate carcinoma xenograft growth in nude mice" 26 : 2133-2140, 2010

133 Giordani R, "Fungicidal activity of latex sap from Carica papaya and antifungal effect of D(+)-glucosamine on Candida albicans growth" 39 : 103-110, 1996

134 Saini R, "Formulation and in vitro antioxidant analysis of anti-ageing cream of Carica papaya fruit extract" 4 : 8-14, 2016

135 Miean K, "Flavonoid(myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, and apigenin)content of edible tropical plants" 49 : 3106-3112, 2001

136 Senthilvel P, "Flavonoid from Carica papaya inhibits NS2B-NS3 protease and prevents Dengue 2 viral assembly" 9 : 889-895, 2013

137 Vien T, "Extraction and quantification of carpaine from Carica papaya leaves of Vietnam" 1962 : 2394-2397, 2017

138 Syed HM, "Extraction and characterization of papaya seed oil" 37A : 4102-4105, 2011

139 Yadav J, "Experimental evidences showing nutritional and medicinal property of Carica papaya plant" 6 : 21-25, 2017

140 Saranya V, "Evidence-based review on anticancer effects of commonly used herbs" 1 : 73-77, 2014

141 Praveena P, "Evaluation of uterotonic activity of hydro-ethanolic extract of unripe fruit of Carica papaya Linn. using wistar albino rats" 51 : S615-S621, 2017

142 Jayashree K, "Evaluation of platelets as predictive parameters in dengue fever" 27 : 127-130, 2011

143 Patil S, "Evaluation of platelet augmentation activity of Carica papaya leaf aqueous extract in rats" 1 : 57-60, 2013

144 Malathi P, "Evaluation of mosquito larvicidal effect of Carica papaya against Aedes Aegypti" 2 : 21-24, 2015

145 Kumar Y, "Evaluation of hepatoprotective activity of Carica papaya and Ficus bengalensis latex on thioacetamide induced hepatotoxicity" 6 : 294-299, 2019

146 Tiwari P, "Evaluation of aqueous extract of roots of Carica papaya on wound healing activity in albino Rats" 3 : 291-295, 2011

147 Krishna MC, "Evaluation of antiulcer activity of Carica papaya seeds" 3 : 19-23, 2016

148 Kantathal L, "Evaluation of antihelmintic activity of Carica papaya latex using Pheritiama posthuma" 2 : 1-10, 2012

149 Ademe A, "Evaluation of antifungal activity of plant extracts against papaya anthracnose(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)" 4 : 2-4, 2013

150 Islam A, "Evaluation of antibacterial activities of latex of caricaceae(Carica papaya L. )" 8 : 18-21, 2015

151 Gbolade A, "Ethnobotanical study of plants used in treating hypertension in Edo State of Nigeria" 144 : 1-10, 2012

152 Mustapha AA, "Ethno-medicinal field study of anti-fertility medicinal plants used by the local people in Keffi Local" 2 : 215-218, 2013

153 Odo CE, "Ethanol extract of the leaves of Carica papaya affords protection against aspirin-induced gastric ulcer in rats" 11 : 1025-1029, 2017

154 Hamman WO, "Ethanol extract of Carica papaya seeds induces reversible contraception in adult male wistar rats" 2 : 257-261, 2011

155 Pereira MA, "Effects of the phytochemicals, curcumin and quercetin, upon azoxymethane-induced colon cancer and 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced mammary cancer in rats" 17 : 1305-1311, 1996

156 Ortega-pacheco A, "Effects of papaya seeds extract on the sperm characteristics of dogs" 129 : 82-88, 2011

157 Siddique O, "Effects of papaya leaves on thrombocyte counts in dengue—a case report" 64 (64): 364-366, 2014

158 Nakatsuma A, "Effects of kaempferol on the mechanisms of drug resistance in the human glioblastoma cell line T98G Effects of kaempferol on the mechanisms of drug resistance in the human glioblastoma cell line T98G" 65 : 379-383, 2010

159 Fakeye TO, "Effects of coadministration of extract of Carica papaya linn(family cariaceae)on activity of two oral hypoglycemic agents" 6 : 671-678, 2007

160 Sticha KRK, "Effects of benzyl isothiocyanate and phenethyl isothiocyanate on benzo[a]pyrene metabolism and DNA adduct formation in the A/J mouse" 21 : 1711-1719, 2000

161 Sticha KRK, "Effects of benzyl isothiocyanate and phenethyl isothiocyanate on DNA adduct formation by a mixture of benzo [a] pyrene and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone in A/J mouse" 23 : 1433-1439, 2002

162 Chinoy N, "Effects of Carica papaya seed extracts on the physiology of the vas deferens of albino rats" 15 : 59-65, 1984

163 Verma R, "Effect of papaya seed extract on microenvironment of cauda epididymis" 3 : 143-146, 2001

164 Adiaha MS, "Effect of nutritional, medicinal and pharmacological properties of papaya(Carica papaya Linn. )to human development : a review" 67 : 238-249, 2017

165 Nirmala P, "Effect of kaempferol on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in 1, 2-dimethyl hydrazine induced colorectal carcinoma in rats" 654 : 75-79, 2011

166 Bolu SAO, "Effect of graded levels of dried pawpaw(Carica papaya)seed on the performance, haematology, serum biochemistry and carcass evaluation of chicken broilers" 8 : 905-909, 2009

167 Mansurah A, "Effect of fermented seed extract of Carica papaya on litters of female wistar rats(Rattus norvegicus)" 8 : 854-857, 2009

168 Nideou D, "Effect of Carica papaya seeds on gastro-intestinal parasites of pullet and production parameters" 12 : 89-96, 2017

169 Haritha K, "Effect of Aloe vera gel on antioxidant enzymes in streptozotocin-induced cataractogenesis in male and female wistar rats" 4 : 38-44, 2014

170 Lim TK, "Edible medicinal and non-medicinal plants, vol 1" Springer 285-292, 2012

171 "Economic and medicinal importance of pawpaw"

172 Saran PL, "Drug bioavailability and traditional medicaments of commercially available papaya : a review" 8 : 3216-3223, 2013

173 Dharmarathna SLCA, "Does Carica papaya leaf-extract increase the platelet count? An experimental study in a murine model" 3 : 720-724, 2013

174 Kato N, "Diversity-oriented synthesis yields novel multistage antimalarial inhibitors" 538 : 344-349, 2016

175 Malabadi RB, "Dengue virus disease: current updates on the use of Carica papaya leaf extract as a potential herbal medicine" IV : 36-50, 2017

176 Ahmad N, "Dengue fever treatment with Carica papaya leaves extracts" 1 : 330-333, 2011

177 Seigler DS, "Cyanogenic allosides and glucosides from Passiflora edulis and Carica papaya" 60 : 873-882, 2002

178 Antony ML, "Critical role of p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis in benzyl isothiocyanate-induced apoptotic cell death" 2012

179 Li Z, "Content determination of benzyl glucosinolate and anti-cancer activity of its hydrolysis product in Carica papaya L" 2012

180 Morimoto C, "Compositions for cancer prevention, treatment, or ameloration comprising papaya extract"

181 Asghar N, "Compositional difference in antioxidant and antibacterial activity of all parts of the Carica papaya using different solvents" 2016

182 Ayoade GW, "Composition of some traditional malaria remedies and their antiplasmodial effects on(Plasmodium berghei)" 4 : 1-8, 2014

183 Ching S, "Complementary alternative medicine use among patients with dengue fever in the hospital setting : a cross-sectional study in Malaysia" 2016

184 Bashir A, "Comparative study of antimicrobial activities of Aloe vera extracts and antibiotics against isolates from skin infections" 10 : 3835-3840, 2011

185 Alabi OA, "Comparative studies on antimicrobial properties of extracts of fresh and dried leaves of Carica papaya(L. )on clinical bacterial and fungal isolates" 3 : 3107-3114, 2012

186 Morcelle SR, "Comparative behaviour of proteinases from the latex of Carica papaya and Funastrum clausum as catalysts for the synthesis of Z-Ala-Phe-OMe" 41 : 117-124, 2006

187 Hussain SM, "Clinical use of Carica papaya leaf extract in chemotherapy induced thrombocytopaenia" 10 : 3752-3756, 2017

188 Rockinger A, "Chromosome number reduction in the sister clade of Carica papaya with concomitant genome size doubling 1" 103 : 1082-1088, 2016

189 Hague MA, "Chromosome identification in papaya(Carica papaya)" 2 : 25-30, 2004

190 de la Ros L, "Chemistry, stability, and biological actions of carotenoids" 2010

191 Oloyede OI, "Chemical profile of unripe pulp of Carica papaya" 4 : 379-381, 2005

192 Nwofia GE, "Chemical composition of leaves, fruit pulp and seeds in some Carica papaya : chemical composition of leaves, fruit pulp and seeds in some Carica papaya(L. )morphotypes" 2 : 200-206, 2012

193 dos Santos CM, "Chemical characterization of the flour of peel and seed from two papaya cultivars" 34 : 353-357, 2014

194 Schweiggert RM, "Chemical and morphological characterization of costa rican papaya(Carica papaya L. )hybrids and lines with particular focus on their genuine carotenoid profiles" 60 : 2577-2585, 2012

195 Paque W, "Characterization of the lipase from Carica papaya residues" 11 : 20-27, 2008

196 Kadiri O, "Characterization and antioxidant evaluation of phenolic compounds extracted from the protein concentrate and protein isolate produced from pawpaw(Carica papaya Linn. )seeds" 20 : 2423-2436, 2017

197 Andersson S, "Carotenoids in sea buckthorn(Hippophae rhamnoides L. )berries during ripening and use of pheophytin a as a maturity marker" 57 : 250-258, 2009

198 Blanco C, "Carica papaya pollen allergy" 81 : 171-175, 1998

199 Domínguez P, "Carica papaya lipase(CPL) : an emerging and versatile biocatalyst" 24 : 493-499, 2006

200 Subenthiran S, "Carica papaya leaves juice significantly accelerates the rate of increase in platelet count among patients with dengue fever and dengue haemorrhagic" 2013

201 Ajani RS, "Carica papaya latex accelerates wound healing in diabetic wistar rats" 9 : 1-12, 2015

202 Aziz J, "Carica papaya induces in vitro thrombopoietic cytokines secretion by mesenchymal stem cells and haematopoietic cells" 2015

203 Elgadir MABD, "Carica papaya as a source of natural medicine and its utilization in selected pharmacetical applications" 6 : 19-22, 2014

204 Yogiraj V, "Carica papaya Linn : an overview" 2 : 1-8, 2015

205 Duke J, "Carica papaya L. In: Handbook of energy crops"

206 Boreddy SR, "Cancer therapy : preclinical pancreatic tumor suppression by benzyl isothiocyanate is associated with inhibition of PI3K/AKT/FOXO pathway" 17 : 1784-2719, 2011

207 Bennett RN, "Biosynthesis of benzylglucosinolate, cyanogenic glucosides and phenylpropanoids in Carica papaya" 45 : 59-66, 1997

208 Srikanth G, "Biological and chemical sciences studies on in vitro antioxidant activities of Carica papaya aqueous leaf extract" 1 : 59-65, 2010

209 Johnson OR, "Biochemical effect of aqueous Carica papaya seed and leaf extracts on serum biochemistry of alloxan induced diabetic rats" 10 : 18-22, 2015

210 Dakare M, "Biochemical assessment of ‘Daddawa’ food seasoning produced by fermentation of pawpaw(Carica papaya)seeds" 10 : 220-223, 2011

211 Ho C, "Benzyl isothiocyanate(BITC)inhibits migration and invasion of human gastric cancer AGS cells via suppressing ERK signal pathways" 30 : 296-306, 2010

212 Sahu R, "Benzyl isothiocyanate sensitizes human pancreatic cancer cells to radiation therapy" 1 : 568-576, 2009

213 Enechi OC, "Assessment of the anti-ulcer action of the leaves of calopo(Calopogonium mucunoides Desv)in wistar rats" 8 : 24-27, 2014

214 Aruoma OI, "Assessment of the ability of the antioxidant cocktailderived from fermentation of plants with effective microorganisms(EM-X)to modulate oxidative damage in the kidney and liver of rats in vivo : studies upon the profile of poly-and mono" 135 : 209-217, 2002

215 Chinwuba UR, "Assessment of antiinflammatory and anti-nociceptive properties of aqueous seed extract of Carica papaya in albino wistar rats" 21 : 1-8, 2017

216 Wall M, "Ascorbic acid, vitamin A, and mineral composition of banana(Musa sp. )and papaya(Carica papaya)cultivars grown in Hawaii" 19 : 434-445, 2006

217 Aitken RJ, "As the world grows : contraception in the 21st century" 118 : 1330-1343, 2008

218 Otsuki N, "Aqueous extract of Carica papaya leaves exhibits antitumor activity and immunomodulatory effects" 127 : 760-767, 2010

219 Kaur R, "Antiulcer activity of hydroalcoholic extract of unripe fruit of Carica papaya in experimental rats" 6 : 432-440, 2017

220 Nurcahyani N, "Antispermatogenic effect of seeds extract of papaya(Carica papaya L. )in mice" 5 : 18-22, 2018

221 Borska S, "Antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of quercetin on human pancreatic carcinoma cell lines EPP85-181P and EPP85-181RDB" 48 : 222-229, 2010

222 Akpan HB, "Antioxidant properties of Carica papaya on cadmium toxicity on prefrontal-cortex of adult wistar rats" 23 : 1-9, 2018

223 Mehdipour S, "Antioxidant potentials of Iranian Carica papaya juice in vitro and in vivo are comparable to α-tocopherol" 20 : 591-594, 2006

224 Ang YK, "Antioxidant potential of Carica papaya peel and seed" 1 : 11-16, 2012

225 Panzarini E, "Antioxidant effect of Carica papaya seeds water extract" 2014 : 1-14, 2014

226 Johri S, "Antioxidant and metal chelating activities from various solvent extracts in P. betel, C. papaya leaves and T. aestivum grass" 10 : 128-134, 2018

227 Sadek KM, "Antioxidant and immunostimulant effect of Carica papaya Linn. aqueous extract in acrylamide intoxicated rats" 20 : 180-185, 2012

228 Salla S, "Antioxidant and apoptotic activity of papaya peel extracts in HepG2 cells" 7 : 485-494, 2016

229 Vuong QV, "Antioxidant and anticancer capacity of saponin-enriched Carica papaya leaf extracts" 50 : 169-177, 2015

230 Maisarah AM, "Antioxidant analysis of different parts of Carica papaya" 20 (20): 1043-1048, 2013

231 Zhou K, "Antioxidant activity of papaya seed extracts" 16 : 6179-6192, 2011

232 Banu KS, "Antioxidant activity of Carica papaya leaf extract(Rajasthan Variety)" 6 : 2259-2263, 2018

233 Ogugua V, "Antioxidant activity of Carica papaya juice in diabetic rats" 11 : 2087-2090, 2014

234 Anaga AO, "Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of the methanol seed extract of Carica papaya in mice and rats" 4 : 140-144, 2010

235 Osato JA, "Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of unripe pawpaw" 53 : 1383-1389, 1993

236 Gupta A, "Antimicrobial and antiinflammatory activity of aqueous extract of Carica papaya" 6 : 148-152, 2017

237 Okpe O, "Antimalarial potential of Carica papaya and Vernonia amygdalina in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei" 2016 : 1-6, 2016

238 Kffuri CW, "Antimalarial plants used by indigenous people of the Upper Rio Negro in Amazonas" 2015

239 Fatmawaty RA, "Antimalarial effect of flamboyant(Delonix regia)bark and papaya(Carica papaya L. )leaf ethanolic extracts against plasmodium berghei in mice" 10 : 1081-1089, 2017

240 Kovendan K, "Antimalarial activity of Carica papaya(Family : Caricaceae)leaf extract against Plasmodium falciparum" 2012

241 Mohammed S, "Antihemintic and hematological changes of natural plant Carica papaya seed extract against gastrointestinal nematode Hymenolepis nana" 4 : 8-13, 2014

242 Kumar M, "Antifungal activity of the Carica papaya important food and drug plant" 3 : 83-86, 2013

243 El-Zaher EHFA, "Antifungal activity of Carica papaya seed extract against aspergillus flavus as serious mycotoxins producing organism and causal organism for aspergillosis" 10 : 51-62, 2014

244 Chavez-Quintal P, "Antifungal activity in ethanolic extracts of Carica papaya L., maradol leaves and seeds" 51 : 54-60, 2011

245 Chauhan A, "Antifertility studies of Aegle marmelos Corr., an Indian medicinal plant on male albino rats" 10 : 28-35, 2008

246 Lohiya N, "Antifertility effects of aqueous extract of Carica papaya seeds in male rats" 60 : 400-404, 1994

247 Morolahun EA, "Antidiabetic effect of aqueous extract of ripe Carica papaya Linnaeus seed in alloxan-induced diabetic albino rats" 10 : 13-17, 2019

248 Emeruwa A, "Antibacterial substance from Carica papaya fruit extract" 45 : 123-127, 1982

249 Peter JK, "Antibacterial activity of seed and leaf extract of Carica Papaya var. and Pusa dwarf Linn" 9 : 29-37, 2014

250 Nirosha N, "Antibacterial activity of leaves and stem extract of Carica papaya L" 2 : 473-476, 2013

251 Umar A, "Antibacterial activity of fractionated extracts of Carica papaya leaves and stem bark against clinical isolates of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)" 1 : 1-5, 2018

252 Oloyede HO, "Anti-ulcerogenic activity of aqueous extract of Carica papaya seed on indomethacin-induced peptic ulcer in male albino rats" 13 : 105-114, 2015

253 Pandey S, "Anti-proliferative activities of Carica papaya leaf juice extracts against prostate cancer" 89 : 515-523, 2017

254 Pandey S, "Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of Carica papaya" 13 : 590-602, 2016

255 Owoyele BV, "Anti-inflammatory activities of ethanolic extract of Carica papaya leaves" 16 : 168-173, 2008

256 Feyisayo AK, "Anti-hyperglycaemic, antiinflammatory and anti-oxidant activities of Carica papaya" 20 : 207-218, 2018

257 Murakami S, "Anti-Tumor and immunoregulatory effects of fermented papaya preparation(FPP : SAIDO-PS501)" 17 : 3077-3084, 2016

258 Bi S, "Anthelmintic effect of natural plant(Carica papaya)extract against the Gastrointestinal nematode, Ancylostoma caninum in mice" 1 : 2-6, 2012

259 Mwelasi P, "Analysis of phenolic compounds in Carica papaya, Zingiber officinale, Ipomoea batatas and Myrothamnus flabellifolius using RP-HPLC-UV/VIS-DAD, and in vitro evaluation of antifungal activity on plant pathogenic fungi of economic importance by Phumelel" Midlands State University Zimbabwe 2015

260 Williams DJ, "An unusual combination in papaya(Carica papaya) : the good(glucosinolates)and the bad(cyanogenic glycosides)" 29 : 82-86, 2013

261 Mandal SD, "An Investigation of the antioxidant property of Carica papaya leaf extracts" 4 : 42-45, 2015

262 Wright JB, "Accuxyme(R)papain-urea debriding ointment : a hisiorical review" 15 : 2S-12S, 2016

263 Giordani R, "A synergistic effect of Carica papaya latex sap and fluconazole on Candida albicans growth" 40 : 429-437, 1997

264 Bauri RK, "A review on use of medicinal plants to control parasites" 6 : 268-277, 2015

265 Priyadarshi A, "A review on pharmacognosy, phytochemistry and pharmacological activity of Carica papaya(Linn. )leaf" 9 : 4071-4078, 2018

266 Vij T, "A review on medicinal properties of Carica papaya Linn" 5 : 1-6, 2015

267 Liu Z, "A primitive Y chromosome in papaya marks incipient sex chromosome evolution" 427 : 348-352, 2004

268 Gadekar R, "A potential of some medicinal plants as an antiulcer agents" 4 : 136-146, 2010

269 Kumar KPS, "A potential herb and its medicinal importance" 2 : 21-29, 2010

270 Aradhya M, "A phylogenetic analysis of the genus carica L. (Caricaceae)based on restriction fragment length variation in a cpDNA spacer region" 46 : 579-586, 1999

271 Antunes CF, "A dated phylogeny of the papaya family(caricaceae)reveals the crop’s closest relatives and the family’s biogeographic history" 65 : 49-81, 2015

272 Tewari BB, "A critical review on Ocimum tenuflorum, Carica papaya and Syzygium cumini : the medicinal flora of Guyana" 32 : 28-41, 2014

273 Roshan A, "A brief study on Carica papaya : a review" 2 : 541-550, 2016