Conventional wisdom of Western society hypothesize that authoritarian governments must choice between Internet diffusion and information control. But Chinese government have established strong control system over the Internet and promoted continuous g...
Conventional wisdom of Western society hypothesize that authoritarian governments must choice between Internet diffusion and information control. But Chinese government have established strong control system over the Internet and promoted continuous growth of Internet industry. The purpose of this study is to criticize Western, especially American perspective or conventional wisdom about relationship between information technology(IT) and democratization.
Chinese government regarded Internet control as vital interests, therefore severe Internet control system is indispensable precondition for popular dissemination of Internet. However, China's Internet control system established not only by China's capability but also by technology transfer of America's IT companies. America and other Western countries had been policies for export control of sensitive technology, contracted with each other such as multilateral Wassenaar Arrangement. Nevertheless, their many IT companies had been entered Chinese market. This study criticized to cyber optimism through analysis of change of America's IT export control policy toward China.
First, this study explored relationship between cyber optimism and America's IT export control policy in the context of policy idea. There are linkage of America's democratic enlargement strategy and cyber optimism, importance of information strategy in America's grand strategy, popular dissemination of cyber optimism in American administration, businesses, media.
Second, this study analyzed background and origin of the policy change. The advent and dissemination of cyber optimism began with coincident revolutions, that is democratic revolution and information revolution, in the late 1980s and early 1990s. In particular, the influence of information and IT on collapse of the Soviet Union contributed to the advent and dissemination of cyber optimism. Furthermore, cyber optimism also influenced America's information strategy for Cuban democratization. The core of America's Cuban strategy in early 1990s is free access to and free flow of information through improvement of information and telecommunication infrastructure. The US export control policy to China also be changed in similar contexts.
Third, this study explored mitigation process of HPC(High Performance Computer) criteria during Clinton Administration. The HPC criteria consistently was mitigated due to development of IT technology, and level of export control to hostile country got lower. With change of export control policy, America's IT companies exchange and cooperate with Chinese national enterprise. In the process, Chinese technological architecture of Internet control system received help from America's IT companies.
Fourth, however the effect of IT diffusion and transfer bring about unintended consequence. Today, while China established the most strong and sophisticated Internet contorl system in the world, it had most Internet users in the world and became the world's biggest Internet market.
But Chinese government had been established strong control system over the Internet and promoted continuous growth of Internet industry. Also, in spite of the impressive increasing of Internet penetration and various Internet service, there is little empirical evidence that the Internet began to emerge as a political threat to the regime. In the view of Western, especially American perspective that Internet diffusion can't compatible with information control, China's Internet development is unprecedented case. The case of China means a paradox of IT and democratization in which IT diffusion and IT technology transfer bring about unintended consequence. This provide to major case of empirical criticism about cyber optimism hypothesizing democratic effect of IT.