Organelles

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Series Editor's Preface = xi
• Acknowledgments = xii
• Introduction = xiii
• 1 Ultrastructure of the Cell = 1
• 1.1 The view through the light microscope = 1
• 1.1.1 Cells vary enormously in their size and shape = 1
• 1.1.2 Light microscopy reveals the essential features of the cell = 2
• 1.1.3 Certain stains highlight subcellular organelles = 3
• 1.2 The view through the electron microscope = 4
• 1.2.1 The electron microscope reveals the ultrastructure of the cell = 4
• 1.2.2 Biochemical techniques complement electron microscopy = 6
• 1.3 Membranes divide the cell into compartments = 8
• 1.3.1 The fluid-mosaic model describes the structure of biological membranes = 8
• 1.3.2 Compartmentalisation within cells enhances function = 9
• 1.3.3 Subcellular membranes represent permeability barriers = 10
• 1.4 The cytosol is a structured aqueous compartment = 12
• 1.4.1 The cytosol is the site of several metabolic pathways = 12
• 1.4.2 The cytosol also contains organised structures = 13
• 1.5 Principles behind subcellular architecture = 14
• 1.5.1 Specific functions imply specific components = 14
• 1.5.2 Organelles interact dynamically = 15
• 1.6 Summary = 17
• 1.7 Study questions = 17
• 1.8 Further reading = 18
• 2 The Experimental Study of Organelles = 19
• 2.1 Imaging methods = 19
• 2.1.1 Light microscopy = 20
• 2.1.2 Electron microscopy = 21
• 2.1.3 Diffraction methods = 23
• 2.2 Biochemical and immunochemical methods = 24
• 2.2.1 Centrifugation = 25
• 2.2.2 Cell culture = 27
• 2.2.3 Electrophoresis = 27
• 2.2.4 Chromatography = 30
• 2.2.5 Biosynthesis = 32
• 2.2.6 Membrane trasport = 32
• 2.2.7 Immunochemical methods = 34
• 2.3 Recombinant DNA methods = 35
• 2.4 Summary = 37
• 2.5 Study questions = 38
• 2.6 Further reading = 38
• 3 The Nucleus = 40
• 3.1 The nucleus : control centre of the cell = 40
• 3.1.1 The nucleus contains most of the cell's DNA = 40
• 3.1.2 The nucleus has a double membrane = 43
• 3.1.3 The presence of the nuclear membranes has important implications for gene expression = 44
• 3.2 The nuclear envelope = 45
• 3.2.1 The outer membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum = 45
• 3.2.2 The inner membrane surrounds a fibrous protein meshwork, the lamina = 46
• 3.2.3 Pores in the nuclear envelope connect the nucleoplasm with the cytosol = 47
• 3.3 The nucleolus : site of the biogenesis of ribosomes = 48
• 3.3.1 The nucleolus forms a morphologically distinct region of the nucleoplasm = 50
• 3.3.2 Ribosomal subunits are assembled in the nucleolus = 51
• 3.4 How is DNA packaged within the nucleus? = 52
• 3.4.1 Folding of DNA generates successive higher-order structures = 53
• 3.4.2 Gene expression involves opening up the condensed DNA = 54
• 3.5 The nucleus and cell division = 55
• 3.5.1 Chromosomes undergo duplication and further condensation during cell division = 55
• 3.5.2 The sister chromatids are separated by the mitotic spindle = 56
• 3.5.3 The nuclear envelope and the nucleolus disassemble during mitosis = 57
• 3.6 Summary = 57
• 3.7 Study questions = 58
• 3.8 Further reading = 58
• 4 The Endoplasmic Reticulum = 60
• 4.1 Introduction = 60
• 4.2 The rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) = 62
• 4.2.1 Most nascent secretory proteins have an N-terminal signal peptide = 63
• 4.2.2 Co-translational translocation involves a signal recognition particle and its receptor = 65
• 4.2.3 Numerous post-translational modifications occur in the lumen of the rough ER = 67
• 4.3 The smooth endoplasmic reticulum = 69
• 4.3.1 The smooth ER synthesises most of the cell's membrane lipids = 69
• 4.3.2 An unique electron transport system catalyses hydroxylation reactions = 70
• 4.3.3 Detoxification occurs in the smooth ER = 72
• 4.3.4 The smooth ER sequesters calcium ions = 72
• 4.4 Membrane biogenesis in the endoplasmic reticulum = 74
• 4.5 Summary = 77
• 4.6 Study questions = 77
• 4.7 Further reading = 78
• 5 The Golgi Complex = 80
• 5.1 Introduction = 80
• 5.2 Metabolic processing in the Golgi complex = 83
• 5.2.1 Oligosaccharide chains of glycoporteins undergo 'trimming' and further glycosylation = 83
• 5.2.2 Other important biosynthetic reactions take place in the Golgi complex = 87
• 5.3 Intracellular protein sorting by the Golgi complex = 88
• 5.3.1 Proteins with varying destinations leave the trans Golgi network = 88
• 5.3.2 Vesicles mediate the intracellular traffic of secretory proteins = 90
• 5.4 Summary = 92
• 5.5 Study questions = 93
• 5.6 Further reading = 93
• 6 The Lysosome = 94
• 6.1 Introduction = 94
• 6.2 The morphology and life-history of lysosomes = 96
• 6.2.1 Lysosomes form s structurally heterogeneous class of organelles = 96
• 6.2.2 The lysosome family has a diverse life-history = 97
• 6.3 The composition of lysosomes = 100
• 6.3.1 The lysosomal membrane has distinctive components, distinctive properties = 100
• 6.3.2 The lysosomal matrix is a store-house of acid hydrolases and other proteins = 102
• 6.4 The biogenesis of lysosomes = 104
• 6.4.1 The genes for several lysosomal enzymes have been cloned = 104
• 6.4.2 Lysosomal enzymes are synthesised as larger precursors = 105
• 6.4.3 A pH-sensitive receptor delivers acid hydrolases to primary lysosomes = 106
• 6.4.4 Primary lysosomes arise from a trans-Golgi network = 106
• 6.5 The physiological functions of lysosomes = 107
• 6.5.1 Degradation of extracellular material aids the cell's economy = 107
• 6.5.2 Some cells are specialised for lysosomal digestion = 108
• 6.5.3 Lysosomes are involved in the turnover of the cell's own constituents = 109
• 6.6 The pathology of lysosomes = 109
• 6.6.1 Lysosomal storage disorders are progressive, generalised, genetic diseases = 110
• 6.6.2 Some causes o lysosomal pathology are environmental in nature = 112
• 6.7 Summary = 113
• 6.8 Study questions = 114
• 6.9 Further reading = 114
• 7 The Peroxisome = 116
• 7.1 Introduction = 116
• 7.2 Structure and functions of peroxisomes = 118
• 7.2.1 Peroxisomes are catalase-containing vesicles = 118
• 7.2.2 Peroxisomes are involved in lipid degradation and biosynthesis = 120
• 7.2.3 Peroxisomes play a special role in plants = 121
• 7.2.4 Peroxisomal functions are disrupted in certain genetic diseases = 124
• 7.3 Biogenesis of peroxisomes = 125
• 7.4 Summary = 128
• 7.5 Study questions = 128
• 7.6 Further reading = 128
• 8 The Mitochondrion = 130
• 8.1 Introduction = 130
• 8.1.1 Morphology and distribution of mitochondria = 130
• 8.1.2 The mitochondrion's contribution to metabolism = 133
• 8.2 'Powerhouse of the cell' = 134
• 8.2.1 Reduced coenzymes are oxidised via the electron transport chain = 135
• 8.2.2 A proton gradient drives ATP synthesis = 140
• 8.3 Mitochondrial genetics = 144
• 8.3.1 Mitochondria have an unique genetic system = 144
• 8.3.2 Mitochondrial mutants have proved informative = 147
• 8.4 Biogenesis and evolution of mitochondria = 149
• 8.4.1 Most mitochondrial proteins are imported post-translationally = 150
• 8.4.2 How is mitochondrial gene expression controlled? = 153
• 8.4.3 How did mitochondria evolve? = 154
• 8.5 Summary = 155
• 8.6 Study questions = 156
• 8.7 Further reading = 156
• 9 The Chloroplast = 158
• 9.1 Introduction = 158
• 9.2 Ultrastructure of the chloroplast = 159
• 9.2.1 The chloroplast contains three distinct membranes = 159
• 9.2.2 The chloroplast envelopes resemble mitochondrial membranes = 160
• 9.3 Organisation of the light-harvesting machinery = 161
• 9.3.1 Light-harvesting pigments funnel excitation energy to an unique chlorophyll moecule = 162
• 9.3.2 Photosystem Ⅰ transfers electrons to NADP$$^+$$ = 163
• 9.3.3 Photosystem Ⅱ donates electrons to Photosystem Ⅰ = 163
• 9.3.4 The two photosystems are functionally interconnected = 163
• 9.3.5 The Z-scheme components form three membrane-spanning complexes = 164
• 9.3.6 Photosystem Ⅰ and Photosystem Ⅱ are asymmetrically distributed along the thylakoid membrane = 165
• 9.3.7 Electron transport generates a proton gradient = 167
• 9.3.8 The proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane drives ATP synthesis = 168
• 9.3.9 Photosystem Ⅱ is responsible for the formation of oxygen from water = 169
• 9.4 Organisation of carbon-fixation metabolism = 170
• 9.4.1 Triose phosphates are exported to the cytosol = 171
• 9.4.2 The inner envelope contains other tranlocators = 172
• 9.4.3 Other metabolic reactions are lacalised within chloroplasts = 172
• 9.5 Biogenesis and evolution of chloroplasts = 173
• 9.5.1 Cyanobacteria-like organelles('cyanelles') resemble primitive chloroplasts = 173
• 9.5.2 Chloroplasts arise from pre-existing organelles = 174
• 9.5.3 The chloroplast genome codes for ribosomal components and photosynthesis-related proteins = 174
• 9.5.4 The chloroplast imports proteins synthesised on cytoplasmic ribosomes = 176
• 9.6 Summary = 176
• 9.7 Study questions = 178
• 9.8 Further reading = 178
• 10 Dynamic Interactions between Organelles = 180
• 10.1 Introduction = 180
• 10.2 Receptor-mediated endocytosis = 180
• 10.3 The receptor for low-density lipoproteins = 185
• 10.4 Future perspectives = 188
• 10.5 Summary = 189
• 10.6 Further reading = 190
• Appendix A : Abbreviations = 191
• Appendix B : Answers to Study Questions = 193
• Index = 198