여가경험 측정척도 개발 = A Development of Leisure Experience Scale

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In order to develop a leisure experience scale, the first step was to examine documents and previous studies. The measurement questionnaire items were collected and an empirical verification was performed through surveys. The second step was to compile sample questionnaire items. Previous studies and literatures of leisure experience were reviewed in order to collect sample questionnaire items, and a group of experts executed a refining process of these collected items based on face validity. The third step was to conduct a survey based on the items which were refined through the first and the second preliminary researches, and to collect data and once again to execute a refining process of these measurement questionnaire items through factor analysis and reliability analysis. The fourth step was the main research where data was collected through a final survey with refined questionnaire items. SPSS 12.0 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) program was used to extract measurement questionnaire items, and confirmatory factor analysis and their validity were verified through the use of AMOS 5.0 program.
The example of an empirical study for this main research was taken from the object of the study, undergraduates who were attending leisure-related courses and ordinary people, through the first, the second and the main research. 700 survey forms were distributed but only 500 were re-collected. 87 were exempted due to their insincerity and therefore only 413 surveys were used for the final analysis.
This main research consisted of 30 measurement questionnaires with six factors: self-determination, self-enhancement, social relation, nature relation, flow and freedom. The ‘flow’factor was deleted after a number of processes to refine a scale and to measure reliability during exploratory factor analysis. The flow factor was one of the pleasure sensory perceptions which could be found in all of the other five factors. The notion of flow was ostensibly deleted because it could be used dispersively in many areas, and also be connoted in many aspects of other leisure experiences.
The scale developed during this main research was slightly different than that of its previous one. The reason for this result was not simply due to a reduction of factors. The self-expression factor and flow factor were considered to be perceived freedom which ultimately pursued by leisure experiences. These two factors were not deleted because of its similar characteristics to other factors such as autonomy or self-enhancement, but they were deleted because of their duplication and connotation in other factors. The addition of self-determination factor brought a new dimensional result of positive freedom and negative freedom which were not mentioned in previous research.
Empirical analysis indicated that a measurement scale of leisure experience consisted of 23 measurement questionnaires with five factors. The first factor was nature relation, the second one was self-enhancement, the third one was social relation, the fourth one was self-determination, and the last one was escaping freedom.
Reliability and Validity verification were performed in order to generalize a measurement scale of leisure experience so that it could be applied to other examples. AMOS 5.0 program verified cross validity with a verification technique which confirmed a hypothetical structural system indicated by lower measurement factors and measured variables of a developed scale. The developed scale showed stability in a relatively reliable level through a verification of convergent validity and discriminant validity. A measurement scale of leisure experience was set up as a predictor variable in order to analyze its influence on a criterion variable, life satisfaction. The result showed that self-determination, social relation and nature relation had an important influence on life satisfaction.
A comparative analysis and a sex difference in leisure experience were tested as an additional analysis of the main research. The result of a comparative analysis proved that both male and female showed statistical significance among most variables, and they both also had significant relations to life satisfaction and leisure experiences. According to the t-test result of a sex difference in leisure experience, nature relation and escaping freedom were the only two factors out of five which were statistically significant. Lastly, multiple regression analysis was performed in order to find out a relation between a sex difference in life satisfaction and in leisure experience. The result showed that male highly recognized life satisfaction among self-determination, social relation and escaping freedom with respect to leisure experience. A variance percentage of life satisfaction for these factors was 24.2%. Female, on the other hand, highly recognized life satisfaction among social relation, nature relation and self-enhancement. Their variance percentage of life satisfaction for these factors was 16.3%. This result showed a large influence of leisure experience on male and female throughout their lives.
The important insight was drawn based on the result of this main research as follows.
The significance of developing a measurement scale of leisure experience based on qualitative research done by Sung Young Shin et al(1996a,b) is that it became the first quantitative study of leisure experience.
Despite its important insight, the main research reaches a significant uppermost limit.
It is not possible for a measurement scale developed through this research to accurately measure various complicated and subtle aspects of leisure experience.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위하여 첫째,문헌과 선행연구들을 고찰한 후 측정항목 들을 추출하여 설문조사를 통해 실증적 검증을 실시하였다.둘째단계에서는 항목샘플 을 작성하는 단계로 여가경험에 관한 선행연구와 문헌연구를 검토하여 항목샘플을 추 출하여 전문가집단에 의한 안면타당도를 바탕으로 추출된 항목샘플에 대한 순화과정 을 실시하였다.셋째단계에서는 1차 및 2차 예비조사로부터 순화된 항목들을 토대로 설문조사를 실시하여 자료를 수집하여 요인분석,신뢰도분석을 통해 측정항목들을 순 화하는 과정을 실시하였다.넷째단계는 본 조사로 순화과정을 거친 항목으로 최종적 인 설문조사를 실시하여 자료를 수집하는 과정으로써 SPSS 12.0통계패키지 프로그 램을 사용하여 측정항목을 추출하고 AMOS 5.0을 이용하여 확인적 요인분석과 타당 성을 검증하였다.
실증분석결과 여가경험을 측정하기 위한 척도는 5개 요인 23문항으로 구성된 것으 로 나타났다.구체적으로 살펴보면,첫째 요인은 자연적교류,둘째 요인은 자기향상감, 셋째 요인은 사회적교류,네 번째 요인은 자기결정감,다섯 번째 요인은 해방감이었다.
여가경험 측정척도를 다른 표본에 적용할 수 있도록 일반화하기 위하여 신뢰도와 타당도 검증을 실시하였다.AMOS 5.0을 이용하여 개발된 척도의 하위측정요인들과 측정변수들이 표명하는 가설적 구조체계를 확인하는 검증기법을 사용하여 교차 타당 도(cross validity)를 검증하였다.또한 척도의 수렴 타당도(convergent validity)과 변 별 타당도(discriminant validity)을 실시하여 무난한 신뢰수준으로 본 연구에서 개발 된 척도가 안정함을 보여주었다.또한,여가경험의 측정척도를 예언변수로 설정하여 준거변수인 생활만족도에 미치는 영향에 대하여 분석한 결과 자기결정감,사회적교류, 자연적교류가 생활만족도에 중요한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 서론 = 1
• 1. 연구배경 = 1
• 2. 연구목적 = 2
• 3. 연구의 방법 및 범위 = 3
• 1) 연구의 방법 = 3
• 2) 연구의 범위 = 3
• 4. 연구의 구성 = 4
• Ⅱ. 이론적 배경 = 6
• 1. 여가 = 6
• 1) 여가의 개념과 관점 = 6
• 2) 여가활동과 유사개념 = 11
• 3) 여가와 관광 = 13
• 2. 여가경험의 심리적 차원 = 14
• 1) 지각된 자유감(perceived freedom)과 자기결정감(self-determination) = 15
• 2) 자기향상감(self-enhancement) = 17
• 3) 자기표현감(self-expression) = 18
• 4) 사회적교류(social relation) = 19
• 5) 자연적교류(nature relation) = 20
• 6) 삼매경(flow experience) = 21
• Ⅲ. 연구절차 및 방법 = 24
• 1. 연구절차 = 24
• 2. 연구방법 = 26
• 1) 설문문항의 구성 = 26
• 2) 안면타당도 검사 = 27
• 3) 1차 예비조사 = 28
• 4) 2차 예비조사 = 29
• 5) 본 조사 = 30
• Ⅳ. 분석결과 = 31
• 1. 안면타당도 측정결과 = 31
• 2. 1차 예비조사 결과 = 34
• 3. 2차 예비조사 결과 = 37
• 4. 본 조사 결과 = 40
• 1) 표본의 인구 통계적 특성 = 40
• 2) 탐색적 요인분석 결과 = 41
• 3) 확인적 요인분석 결과 = 44
• 4) 준거변수에 대한 예언타당도 분석 = 47
• 5. 추가분석 : 상관분석과 성별에 따른 여가경험 차이 = 49
• 1) 상관분석 = 49
• 2) t-test = 50
• 3) 다중회귀분석 = 51
• Ⅴ. 결론 = 52
• 1. 연구의 요약 및 시사점 = 52
• 1) 연구의 요약 및 해석 = 52
• 2) 시사점 = 54
• 2. 연구의 한계점 및 향후과제 = 55
• 참고문헌 = 56
• Abstract = 63
• 부록 = 66
• Ⅰ. 1차 예비조사 설문지 = 66
• Ⅱ. 2차 예비조사 설문지 = 70
• Ⅲ. 본 조사 설문지 = 75