This study tried to discuss 'cross-platform user polarization' in a high-choice media environment. Media users now watch and use programs and contents with their 'preference' whenever they want and anywhere they want. TV and Internet have highly incre...
This study tried to discuss 'cross-platform user polarization' in a high-choice media environment. Media users now watch and use programs and contents with their 'preference' whenever they want and anywhere they want. TV and Internet have highly increased channel and webpage, or program and content choices in recent two decades. Then, Korean live in a real high-choice media environment. As the dramatically increased media choices, program and content type preference of 'selective exposure theory' became the main reason to figure out the media usage selections, especially using for genre type. Somebody who prefer news type, they use more news from cross-media delivery system, and vice versa. They watch and read news on TV, Internet, Smart-phone and Smart-pad. These evolution occurs huge disparities, gaps or divides of media usage, and is connected to the key concepts of 'cross-platform using pattern' and 'user polarization', and complex concept, 'Cross-platform User Polarization'. This concept is simultaneously connected to the social problems like an 'erosion of democracy' or 'decreasing of civic life'. The previous researches dealt with this point of view, pointing the behaviors of avoiding news or seeking entertainment. Therefore, this study tries to look into 'user polarization' related to 'cross-platform usage' with analyzing the convergence data of 'single-source', which was formed with 'TV people-meter data' and 'Internet iTrack log data', finally 'Survey data' with questionnaire of 'genre preference, social norm, social and political behavior'. This study analyzed this convergence single-source data with descriptive analysis, one-way ANOVA, Regression to examine 'cross-platform user polarization' and 'social relation' with norm and behavior.
In the results, RQ1 tried to find out user polarization on media platform level, TV and Internet. First, 'de facto polarization' was slight difference under 10% on demographic ratio of non-user, because TV and Internet are universal medium recently. Second, the disparities of 4 platform user groups were divided by heavy and light usage patterns. TV heavy users watched TV over 5 times more than light users, and Internet heavy users used Internet over 15~18 times more than light users. Third, the change of media usage of two face 'summer and winter season' revealed the diverged patterns on 4 platform user groups by light and heavy using features. Forth, however, the disparities of program and content type usage was not the avoiding and seeking patterns, just had a simple deference by heavy user or not.
RQ2 tried to find out user polarization on TV channel and Internet webpage level. First, 'de facto polarization' appeared all of channel and webpage with nonuser ratio. Second, the disparities of channel and webpage usage were huge on 'small-but-loyal' user, but not 'big-and-loyal'. In this level, concentration was natural phenomenon on channel and webpage usage rather than polarization with 'small-but-loyal' which is related to the user's 'share loyalty' and 'high rank of order'. This is the limitation of this study, but has to be continued to analyze polarization in this level because of channel and webpage specialization. Third, user duplication on channel and webpage also revealed user concentration. High rank channel and webpage were located to the center, the others were connected to each other on outside position as a limited polarization with the MDS analysis. Forth, channel and webpage user did not connected to the polarization of program and content type usage. The analysis revealed just simple disparities of genre type usage on channel and webpage, but three channels and one webpage users appeared the patterns of avoiding news and information, or seeking entertainment and drama genre. This results proved the researches for polarization on channel and webpage level need to be continued on following studies because channel and webpage specialization will be progressing more.
RQ3 tried to find out user polarization on cross-platform genre type level. First, 'de facto polarization' was clear on user distribution of news and entertainment. They have diverged non-user and light-user, or seeker (heavy user) on genre usage of news and entertainment, and user of news diverged more in Winter, but not entertainment users. Second, the disparities of 4 genre user groups was huge. The groups of 'light news and entertainment' and 'light news and heavy entertainment' used news slightly on cross-platform usage pattern different from heavy news user. Entertainment usage is the same result with just subtle difference. Third, the change of genre usage was divided more in Winter than Summer, regarded as more polarized usage patterns. These two analysis confirmed the group of 'light news and heavy entertainment' is the avoider for news and the seeker for entertainment. Forth, the genre preference was consistent with genre usage, but not significant all of genre, just news had disparities by preference in significant level. The relation of preference and usage was significant, but low level.
RQ4 tried to look into disparities of social norm, social and political behavior scores in the polarized 4 genre users groups. The group of 'light news and entertainment' was high score than the other group, and the group of 'heavy news and light entertainment' was more scores on social norm, political supporting and resistance behavior, and voting behavior. However, the group of 'light news and heavy entertainment' was low scores on social and political behaviors. This group was regarded as the polarization group related to the social problems, especially civic life. Second, the regression for 'genre usage' on the norm and behavior revealed that news is positive relation, and entertainment is negative relation on social norm, social and political behaviors consistent with previous researches. However, cable news and internet entertainment were different directions on the defendant variables. In this reason, it was impossible to conclude whether genre usage have a relation with norm and behavior in this research. Therefore, improved researches with expanding sample and period need to be conducted in the near future.
The confirmed patterns of cross-platform user polarization on media platform, channel and webpage, genre type levels, and social relation with norm and behavior variables could be discussed meaningful results as the actual polarized patterns and social relations. These findings could be a research value theoretically and methodologically. However, there were subtle patterns of polarization in each level and strong concentration on the media using patterns, and even social relation was also not consistent with previous studies on cable news and internet entertainment. This means following researches need to conduct more improved method with sampling of panel and period, and analysis of appropriate standards on user polarization based on the theoretical deliberation.